Shaheen, Kanwal, Oyebode, Oyinlola and Masud, Haleema (2018) Experiences of young smokers in quitting smoking in twin cities of Pakistan : a phenomenological study. BMC Public Health, 18 . 466. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5388-7 ISSN 1471-2458.

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Abstract

Background: Smoking is highly prevalent in Pakistan claiming the lives of over 100,000 individuals every year. A significant proportion of smokers (24.7%) make an attempt to quit each year but 97.4% fail to quit successfully. Little is known about the reasons for, and experiences of, failed quit attempts. This study was carried out to explore the experiences of young male smokers in quitting smoking in the twin cities of Pakistan

Method: A qualitative study was carried out using a phenomenological approach in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. A total of 11 participants were interviewed. All study participants were male and had made at least one quit attempt. Study participants were a mix of smokers who failed to quit smoking, intermittent smokers and successful quitters. Streubert’s (1991) method of phenomenology was followed during data analysis.

Results: The experiences of smokers while smoking “the smoking phase” have major effects on their journey towards quitting smoking. The smoking phase consists of three major stages: contact with initial smoking stimuli, the journey from first puff to enjoying smoking and then finally smoking becoming part of life. However, the journey towards quitting smoking is not as simple as the journey towards becoming a smoker. Instead, smokers get trapped in three overlapping cycles of smoking and quit attempts: smoking & forced quitting, smoking & intentional quitting, and smoking & intermittent smoking before successful quitting. Breaking the cycle is not easy in the presence of trapping factors (addiction, high availability, easy affordability, conducive social setup and low perceived risks of smoking). Three factors play a major role in breaking these cycles which are strong will power, continuous peer support and avoidance of smokers’ company.

Conclusion: A young smoker, during his experience of quitting smoking gets entrapped in several overlapping cycles of smoking & quit attempts before successful quitting. There are known entrapping factors as well as factors which help in breaking these cycles. Targeted interventions are needed to facilitate smoking cessation among young smokers in Pakistan.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Subjects:	R Medicine > RC Internal medicine
Divisions:	Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Medicine > Warwick Medical School > Health Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Medicine > Warwick Medical School > Health Sciences > Population, Evidence & Technologies (PET) Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Medicine > Warwick Medical School
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):	Smoking cessation -- Pakistan, Youth -- Tobacco use -- Pakistan, Cigarette smokers -- Pakistan
Journal or Publication Title:	BMC Public Health
Publisher:	BioMed Central Ltd.
ISSN:	1471-2458
Official Date:	28 March 2018
Dates:	Date Event 28 March 2018 Published 28 March 2018 Accepted
Volume:	18
Article Number:	466
DOI:	10.1186/s12889-018-5388-7
Status:	Peer Reviewed
Publication Status:	Published
Access rights to Published version:	Open Access (Creative Commons)
Date of first compliant deposit:	21 September 2018
Date of first compliant Open Access:	21 September 2018
Related URLs:	Publisher

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