Haenssgen, Marco Johannes (2015) Satellite-aided survey sampling and implementation in low- and middle-income contexts : a low-cost/low-tech alternative. Emerging Themes in Epidemiology, 12 (1). 20. doi:10.1186/s12982-015-0041-8

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Abstract

Background
The increasing availability of online maps, satellite imagery, and digital technology can ease common constraints of survey sampling in low- and middle-income countries. However, existing approaches require specialised software and user skills, professional GPS equipment, and/or commercial data sources; they tend to neglect spatial sampling considerations when using satellite maps; and they continue to face implementation challenges analogous to conventional survey implementation methods. This paper presents an alternative way of utilising satellite maps and digital aides that aims to address these challenges.

Results
The case studies of two rural household surveys in Rajasthan (India) and Gansu (China) compare conventional survey sampling and implementation techniques with the use of online map services such as Google, Bing, and HERE maps. Modern yet basic digital technology can be integrated into the processes of preparing, implementing, and monitoring a rural household survey. Satellite-aided systematic random sampling enhanced the spatial representativeness of the village samples and entailed savings of approximately £4000 compared to conventional household listing, while reducing the duration of the main survey by at least 25 %.

Conclusion
This low-cost/low-tech satellite-aided survey sampling approach can be useful for student researchers and resource-constrained research projects operating in low- and middle-income contexts with high survey implementation costs. While achieving transparent and efficient survey implementation at low costs, researchers aiming to adopt a similar process should be aware of the locational, technical, and logistical requirements as well as the methodological challenges of this strategy.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Subjects:	H Social Sciences > H Social Sciences (General) R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine > RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine
Divisions:	Faculty of Arts > School for Cross-faculty Studies > Global Sustainable Development
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):	Social surveys -- Technological innovations, Social sciences -- Statistical methods, Household surveys -- India, Household surveys -- China, Household surveys -- Developing countries, Google Maps, Digital maps, Satellite image maps
Journal or Publication Title:	Emerging Themes in Epidemiology
Publisher:	BioMed Central Ltd.
ISSN:	1742-7622
Official Date:	23 December 2015
Dates:	Date Event 23 December 2015 Published 4 December 2015 Accepted
Date of first compliant deposit:	15 November 2018
Volume:	12
Number:	1
Article Number:	20
DOI:	10.1186/s12982-015-0041-8
Status:	Peer Reviewed
Publication Status:	Published
Access rights to Published version:	Open Access
RIOXX Funder/Project Grant:	Project/Grant ID RIOXX Funder Name Funder ID UNSPECIFIED John Fell Fund, University of Oxford http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004789 UNSPECIFIED [ESRC] Economic and Social Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000269 Scatcherd European Scholarship [UO] University Of Oxford http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000769 Department of International Development [UO] University Of Oxford http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000769 Vice-Chancellors’ Fund [UO] University Of Oxford http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000769 UNSPECIFIED Hertford College, University of Oxford http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010364

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