Vendra, C. Madhav Rao and Wen, Jennifer X. (2019) Numerical modelling of vented lean hydrogen deflagations in an ISO container. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44 (7). pp. 8767-8779. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.11.093 ISSN 0360-3199.
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Abstract
Hydrogen process equipment are often housed in 20-foot or 40-foot container either be at refueling stations or at the portable standalone power generation units. Shipping Container provide an easy to install, cost effective, all weather protective containment. Hydrogen has unique physical properties, it can quickly form an ignitable cloud for any accidental release or leakages in air, due to its wide flammability limits. Identifying the hazards associated with these kind of container applications are very crucial for design and safe operation of the container hydrogen installations. Recently both numerical studies and experiment have been performed to ascertain the level of hazards and its possible mitigation methods for hydrogen applications. This paper presents the numerical modelling and the simulations performed using the HyFOAM CFD solver for vented deflagrations processes. HyFOAM solver is developed in-house using the opensource CFD toolkit OpenFOAM libraries. The turbulent flame deflagrations are modelled using the flame wrinkling combustion model. This combustion model is further improved to account for flame instabilities dominant role in vented lean hydrogen-air mixtures deflagrations. The 20-foot ISO containers of dimensions 20′ × 8′ × 8′.6″ filled with homogeneous mixture of hydrogen-air at different concentration, with and without model obstacles are considered for numerical simulations. The numerical predictions are first validated against the recent experiments carried out by Gexcon as part of the HySEA project supported by the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking (FCH 2 JU) under the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for Research and Innovation. The effects of congestion within the containers on the generated overpressures are investigated. The preliminary CFD predictions indicated that the container walls deflections are having considerable effect on the trends of generated overpressures, especially the peak negative pressure generated within the container is overestimated. Hence to account for the container wall deflections, the fluid structure interactions (FSI) are also included in the numerical modelling. The final numerical predictions are presented with and without the FSI. The FSI modelling considerably improved the numerical prediction and resulted in better match of overpressure trends with the experimental results.
| Item Type: | Journal Article |
|---|---|
| Subjects: | T Technology > TP Chemical technology |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Engineering > Engineering |
| Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): | Hydrogen as fuel -- Combustion -- Mathematical models, Explosions -- Simulation methods -- Testing, Shipping, Containers |
| Journal or Publication Title: | International Journal of Hydrogen Energy |
| Publisher: | Elsevier BV |
| ISSN: | 0360-3199 |
| Official Date: | 2 April 2019 |
| Dates: | Date Event 2 April 2019 Published 13 December 2018 Available 9 November 2018 Accepted |
| Volume: | 44 |
| Number: | 7 |
| Page Range: | pp. 8767-8779 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.11.093 |
| Status: | Peer Reviewed |
| Publication Status: | Published |
| Access rights to Published version: | Restricted or Subscription Access |
| Date of first compliant deposit: | 18 December 2018 |
| Date of first compliant Open Access: | 13 December 2019 |
| RIOXX Funder/Project Grant: | Project/Grant ID RIOXX Funder Name Funder ID |
| URI: | https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/111851/ |
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