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The British Empire in India, the Gulf Pearl and the invention of the Middle East

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Crouzet, Guillemette (2019) The British Empire in India, the Gulf Pearl and the invention of the Middle East. Middle Eastern Studies, 55 (6). pp. 864-878. doi:10.1080/00263206.2019.1588121 ISSN 0026-3206.

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Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2019.1588121

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Abstract

Genealogies of the term ‘Middle East’ conventionally focus on a juncture around the 1890s, when it gained new geopolitical currency, promoted by various European and American officials with reference to a space centred around the Arabo-Persian Gulf. This article argues instead that the ‘Middle East’ label should be seen as the culmination of a longer process, led less from London than from India. Over the previous century, this consolidation of ‘British’ India as a distinct regional actor was accompanied by the conceptualisation of its borderlands, including that Gulf-centred space. This space become a theatre for economic and political monitoring strategised from India, seeking to transform what was represented as a pirate-infested margin into a pacified buffer zone. Control and exploitation of pearl fisheries, the main economic activity for Gulf populations, was central to these efforts. Imperial strategy around the Gulf pearl was a key tool in founding an informal Indian empire in the Gulf and its hinterlands, in that very space to which the name ‘Middle East’ would subsequently be given.

Item Type: Journal Article
Subjects: D History General and Old World > DA Great Britain
D History General and Old World > DS Asia
H Social Sciences > HF Commerce
J Political Science > JC Political theory
Divisions: Faculty of Arts > History
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): Middle East -- History -- 19th century, Persian Gulf Region -- History -- 19th century, Great Britain -- Colonies -- Asia -- Economic policy -- 19th century, Geopolitics -- Middle East, Pearl industry and trade -- Great Britain -- Colonies, British -- India -- History -- 19th century
Journal or Publication Title: Middle Eastern Studies
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISSN: 0026-3206
Official Date: 2019
Dates:
DateEvent
2019Published
13 April 2019Available
14 December 2018Accepted
Volume: 55
Number: 6
Page Range: pp. 864-878
DOI: 10.1080/00263206.2019.1588121
Status: Peer Reviewed
Publication Status: Published
Reuse Statement (publisher, data, author rights): “This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Middle Eastern Studies on 13/04/2019, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/00263206.2019.1588121.”
Access rights to Published version: Restricted or Subscription Access
Date of first compliant deposit: 5 April 2019
Date of first compliant Open Access: 13 October 2020
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