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Communicating uncertainty about facts, numbers, and science
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Bles, Anne Marthe van der, Linden, Sander van der, Freeman, Alexandra L. J., Mitchell, James, Galvão, Ana Beatriz, Zaval, Lisa and Spiegelhalter, David (2019) Communicating uncertainty about facts, numbers, and science. Royal Society Open Science , 6 (5). 181870. doi:10.1098/rsos.181870
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Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181870
Abstract
Uncertainty is an inherent part of knowledge, and yet in an era of contested expertise, many shy away from openly communicating their uncertainty about what they know, fearful of their audience’s reaction. But what effect does communication of such epistemic uncertainty have? Empirical research is widely scattered across many disciplines. This interdisciplinary review structures and summarises current practice and research across domains, combining a statistical and psychological perspective. This informs a framework for uncertainty communication in which we identify three objects of uncertainty -facts, numbers, and science-and two levels of uncertainty: direct and indirect. An examination of current practices provides a scale of nine expressions of direct uncertainty. We discuss attempts to codify indirect uncertainty in terms of quality of the underlying evidence. We review the limited literature about the effects of communicating epistemic uncertainty on cognition, affect, trust, and decision-making. While there is some evidence that communicating epistemic uncertainty does not necessarily affect audiences negatively, impact can vary between individuals and communication formats. Case studies in economic statistics and climate change illustrate our framework in action. We conclude with advice to guide both communicators and future researchers in this important but so far rather neglected field.
| Item Type: | Journal Article | |||||||||
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| Subjects: | B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > B Philosophy (General) | |||||||||
| Divisions: | Faculty of Social Sciences > Warwick Business School | |||||||||
| Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): | Epistemics, Uncertainty | |||||||||
| Journal or Publication Title: | Royal Society Open Science | |||||||||
| Publisher: | The Royal Society Publishing | |||||||||
| ISSN: | 2054-5703 | |||||||||
| Official Date: | 8 May 2019 | |||||||||
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| Volume: | 6 | |||||||||
| Number: | 5 | |||||||||
| Article Number: | 181870 | |||||||||
| DOI: | 10.1098/rsos.181870 | |||||||||
| Status: | Peer Reviewed | |||||||||
| Publication Status: | Published | |||||||||
| Access rights to Published version: | Open Access | |||||||||
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