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Cycle life of lithium ion batteries after flash cryogenic freezing

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Grandjean, Thomas R. B., Groenewald, Jakobus, McGordon, Andrew and Marco, James (2019) Cycle life of lithium ion batteries after flash cryogenic freezing. Journal of Energy Storage, 24 . 100804. doi:10.1016/j.est.2019.100804

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Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2019.100804

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Abstract

Growing global sales of electric vehicles (EVs) are raising concerns about the reverse logistics challenge of transporting damaged, defective and waste lithium ion battery (LIB) packs. The European Union Battery Directive stipulates that 50% of LIBs must be recycled and EV manufacturers are responsible for collection, treatment and recycling. The International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road requirement to transport damaged or defective LIB packs in approved explosion proof steel containers imposes expensive certification. Further, the physical weight and volume of LIB packaging increases transport costs of damaged or defective packs as part of a complete recycling or repurposing strategy. Cryogenic flash freezing (CFF) removes the possibility of thermal runaway in LIBs even in extreme abuse conditions. Meaning damaged or defective LIBs may be transported safely whilst cryogenically frozen. Herein, LIBs are cycled until 20% capacity fade to establish that CFF does not affect electrical performance (energy capacity and impedance) during ageing. This is demonstrated on two different cell chemistries and form factors. The potential to remanufacture or reuse cells/modules subjected to CFF supports circular economy principles through extending useful life and reducing raw material usage. Thereby improving the environmental sustainability of transitioning from internal combustion engines to EVs.

Item Type: Journal Article
Subjects: T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering
Divisions: Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Engineering > WMG (Formerly the Warwick Manufacturing Group)
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): Lithium ion batteries, Lithium ion batteries--Recycling, Hazardous substances—Transportation, Lithium ion batteries -- Environmental aspects, Electric vehicles -- Batteries -- Environmental aspects, Environmental economics
Journal or Publication Title: Journal of Energy Storage
Publisher: Elsevier
ISSN: 2352-152X
Official Date: August 2019
Dates:
DateEvent
August 2019Published
21 June 2019Available
13 June 2019Accepted
Volume: 24
Article Number: 100804
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2019.100804
Status: Peer Reviewed
Publication Status: Published
Access rights to Published version: Open Access
Funder: EPSRC
Grant number: EP/M009394/1
RIOXX Funder/Project Grant:
Project/Grant IDRIOXX Funder NameFunder ID
EP/M009394/1[EPSRC] Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Councilhttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000266
UNSPECIFIEDInnovate UKhttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006041
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