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Sand fly synthetic sex-aggregation pheromone co-located with insecticide reduces the incidence of infection in the canine reservoir of visceral leishmaniasis : a stratified cluster randomised trial
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Courtenay, Orin, Dilger, Erin, Calvo-Bado, Leo A., Kravar-Garde, Lidija, Carter, Vicky, Bell, Melissa J., Alves, Graziella B. , Gonçalves, Raquel, Makhdoomi, Muhammad M., González, Mikel A., Nunes, Caris M., Bray, Daniel P., Brazil, Reginaldo P. and Hamilton, James G. C. (2019) Sand fly synthetic sex-aggregation pheromone co-located with insecticide reduces the incidence of infection in the canine reservoir of visceral leishmaniasis : a stratified cluster randomised trial. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 13 (10). e0007767. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007767 ISSN 1935-2727.
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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007767
Abstract
Objective
To evaluate the efficacy of a synthetic sex-aggregation pheromone of the sand fly vector Lu. longipalpis, co-located with residual insecticide, to reduce the infection incidence of Leishmania infantum in the canine reservoir.
Methods
A stratified cluster randomised trial was designed to detect a 50% reduction in canine incident infection after 24 months in 42 recruited clusters, randomly assigned to one of three intervention arms (14 cluster each): synthetic pheromone + insecticide, insecticide-impregnated dog collars, or placebo control. Infection incidence was measured by seroconversion to anti-Leishmania serum antibody, Leishmania parasite detection and canine tissue parasite loads. Changes in relative Lu. longipalpis abundance within households were measured by setting three CDC light traps per household.
Results
A total 1,454 seronegative dogs were followed-up for a median 15.2 (95% C.I.s: 14.6, 16.2) months per cluster. The pheromone + insecticide intervention provided 13% (95% C.I. 0%, 44.0%) protection against anti-Leishmania antibody seroconversion, 52% (95% C.I. 6.2%, 74·9%) against parasite infection, reduced tissue parasite loads by 53% (95% C.I. 5.4%, 76.7%), and reduced household female sand fly abundance by 49% (95% C.I. 8.2%, 71.3%). Variation in the efficacy against seroconversion varied between trial strata. Equivalent protection attributed to the impregnated-collars were 36% (95% C.I. 14.4%, 51.8%), 23% (95% C.I. 0%, 57·5%), 48% (95% C.I. 0%, 73.4%) and 43% (95% C.I. 0%, 67.9%), respectively. Comparison of the two interventions showed no statistically consistent differences in their efficacies; however, the errors were broad for all outcomes. Reductions in sand fly numbers were predominant where insecticide was located (chicken and dog sleeping sites), with no evidence of insecticide-induced repellence onto humans or dogs.
Conclusion
The synthetic pheromone co-located with insecticide provides protection particularly against canine L. infantum parasite transmission and sand fly vector abundance. The effect estimates are not dissimilar to those of the insecticide-impregnated collars, which are documented to reduce canine infection incidence, human infection and clinical VL disease incidence, in different global regions. The trialled novel lure-and-kill approach is a low-cost potential vector control tool against ZVL in the Americas.
| Item Type: | Journal Article | ||||||
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| Subjects: | Q Science > QP Physiology R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine S Agriculture > SB Plant culture |
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| Divisions: | Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Science > Life Sciences (2010- ) Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Science > Mathematics |
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| Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): | Flies -- Control -- Research, Vector control -- Research, Pheromones -- Synthesis -- Research, Insecticides -- Research, Communicable diseases -- Research | ||||||
| Journal or Publication Title: | PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases | ||||||
| Publisher: | Public Library of Science | ||||||
| ISSN: | 1935-2727 | ||||||
| Official Date: | 25 October 2019 | ||||||
| Dates: |
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| Volume: | 13 | ||||||
| Number: | 10 | ||||||
| Article Number: | e0007767 | ||||||
| DOI: | 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007767 | ||||||
| Status: | Peer Reviewed | ||||||
| Publication Status: | Published | ||||||
| Access rights to Published version: | Open Access (Creative Commons) | ||||||
| Date of first compliant deposit: | 5 November 2019 | ||||||
| Date of first compliant Open Access: | 8 November 2019 | ||||||
| RIOXX Funder/Project Grant: |
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