Whatling, Gemma M., Biggs, Paul R., Elson, David W., Metcalfe, Andrew J., Wilson, Chris and Holt, Cathy (2019) High tibial osteotomy results in improved frontal plane knee moments, gait patterns and patient-reported outcomes. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy . doi:10.1007/s00167-019-05644-7 ISSN 0942-2056.

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Abstract

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to quantify changes in knee loading in the three clinical planes, compensatory gait adaptations and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMS) resulting from opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO).

Methods:
Gait analysis was performed on 18 participants (19 knees) with medial osteoarthritis (OA) and varus alignment pre- and post-HTO, along with 18 controls, to calculate temporal, kinematic and kinetic measures. Oxford Knee Score, Knee Outcome Survey and visual analogue pain scores were collected. Paired and independent sample tests identified changes following surgery and deviations from controls.

Results:
HTO restored frontal and transverse plane knee joint loading to that of the control group, while reductions remained in the sagittal plane. Elevated frontal plane trunk sway (p = 0.031) and reduced gait speed (p = 0.042), adopted as compensatory gait changes pre-HTO, were corrected by the surgery. PROMs significantly improved (p ≤ 0.002). Centre of pressure (COP) was lateralised relative to the knee post-HTO (p < 0.001). Energy absorbed in the sagittal plane significantly increased post-HTO (p = 0.007), whilst work done in the transverse plane reduced (p ≤ 0.008). Pre-operative gait deviations from the control group that were retained post-HTO included smaller sagittal (p = 0.003) knee range of motion during gait, greater stance duration (p = 0.008) and altered COP location (anterior to the knee) in early stance (p = 0.025).

Conclusions:
HTO surgery restored frontal and transverse plane knee loading to normal levels and improved PROMs. Gait adaptations known to reduce knee loading employed pre-HTO were not retained post-HTO. Some gait features were found to differ between post-HTO subjects and controls.

Level of evidence:
II

Item Type:	Journal Article
Subjects:	Q Science > QP Physiology R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine R Medicine > RC Internal medicine R Medicine > RD Surgery
Divisions:	Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Medicine > Warwick Medical School > Clinical Trials Unit Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Medicine > Warwick Medical School > Health Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Medicine > Warwick Medical School
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):	Osteoarthritis -- Treatment -- Research, Gait in humans, Knee -- Surgery
Journal or Publication Title:	Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy
Publisher:	Springer
ISSN:	0942-2056
Official Date:	5 August 2019
Dates:	Date Event 5 August 2019 Available 23 July 2019 Accepted
DOI:	10.1007/s00167-019-05644-7
Status:	Peer Reviewed
Publication Status:	Published
Access rights to Published version:	Open Access (Creative Commons)
Date of first compliant deposit:	12 November 2019
Date of first compliant Open Access:	13 November 2019
RIOXX Funder/Project Grant:	Project/Grant ID RIOXX Funder Name Funder ID 18461 Arthritis Research UK http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000341 20781 Versus Arthritis https://www.versusarthritis.org/ EP/J010111/1 [EPSRC] Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000266

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