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A national survey to estimate sodium and potassium intake, and knowledge attitudes and behaviours towards salt consumption of adults in the Sultanate of Oman
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Al-Mawali, Adhra, D'Elia, Lanfranco, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Morsi, Magdi, Al-Shekaili, Waleed Nasser, Pinto, Avinash D., Al-Kharusi, Hilal, Al-Balushi, Zainab, Idikula, John, Al-Harrasi, Ayaman and Cappuccio, Francesco (2020) A national survey to estimate sodium and potassium intake, and knowledge attitudes and behaviours towards salt consumption of adults in the Sultanate of Oman. BMJ Open, 10 (10). e037012. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037012
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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037012
Abstract
Objectives. To estimate population sodium and potassium intakes, and explore knowledge, attitudes and behaviour (KAB) towards the use of salt in adults in the Sultanate of Oman.
Design. National cross-sectional population-based survey.
Setting. Proportional random samples, representative of Omani adults (18 years or older), were obtained from all Governorates of the Sultanate of Oman.
Participants. Five hundred and sixty-nine (193 men, 376 women; 18 years or older) were included in the analysis (response rate 57%). Mean age was 39.4 years (SD 13.1). Participants attended a screening including demographic, anthropometric and physical measurements.
Primary and secondary outcome measures. We assessed dietary sodium, potassium and creatinine by 24h urinary sodium (UNa), potassium (UK) and creatinine (UCr) excretions. We collected KAB by a questionnaire on an electronic tablet.
Results. Mean UNa was 144.3 (78.8) mmoL/day, equivalent to 9.0 g of salt/day and potassium excretion 52.6 (32.6) mmoL/day, equivalent to 2.36 g/day, after adjusting for non-urinary losses. Men ate significantly more sodium and potassium than women. Only 22% of the sample had a salt intake below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended target of 5 g/day and less than 10% met WHO
targets for potassium excretion (>90 mmoL/day). Whilst 89.1% of those interviewed knew that consuming too much salt could cause serious health problems and only 6.9% felt they were using too much added salt, 1 in 2 participants used always or often salt, salty seasonings or salty sauces in cooking or when preparing food at home.
Conclusions. In the Sultanate of Oman, salt consumption is higher, and potassium consumption lower, than recommended by WHO, both in men and in women. The present data provides, for the first time, evidence to support a national programme of population salt reduction to prevent the increasing burden of CVD in the area.
| Item Type: | Journal Article | |||||||||
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| Subjects: | Q Science > QP Physiology R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine > RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine R Medicine > RM Therapeutics. Pharmacology T Technology > TX Home economics |
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| Divisions: | Faculty of Medicine > Warwick Medical School > Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine > Warwick Medical School > Health Sciences > Mental Health and Wellbeing Faculty of Medicine > Warwick Medical School |
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| Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): | Food -- Sodium content -- Oman, Nutrition policy -- Oman, Salt in the body -- Oman, Salt -- Physiological effect -- Oman, Salting of food, Salt -- Health aspects | |||||||||
| Journal or Publication Title: | BMJ Open | |||||||||
| Publisher: | BMJ | |||||||||
| ISSN: | 2044-6055 | |||||||||
| Official Date: | 23 October 2020 | |||||||||
| Dates: |
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| Date of first compliant deposit: | 29 September 2020 | |||||||||
| Volume: | 10 | |||||||||
| Number: | 10 | |||||||||
| Article Number: | e037012 | |||||||||
| DOI: | 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037012 | |||||||||
| Status: | Peer Reviewed | |||||||||
| Publication Status: | Published | |||||||||
| Access rights to Published version: | Open Access | |||||||||
| RIOXX Funder/Project Grant: |
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