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(M,Ru)O2 (M = Mg, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co) rutiles and their use as oxygen evolution electrocatalysts in membrane electrode assemblies under acidic conditions
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Burnett, David L., Petrucco, Enrico, Rigg, Katie M., Zalitis, Christopher M., Lok, Jamie G., Kashtiban, Reza J., Lees, Martin R., Sharman, Jonathan D. B. and Walton, Richard I. (2020) (M,Ru)O2 (M = Mg, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co) rutiles and their use as oxygen evolution electrocatalysts in membrane electrode assemblies under acidic conditions. Chemistry of Materials, 32 (14). pp. 6150-6160. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c01884 ISSN 0897-4756.
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WRAP-rutiles-use-oxygen-evolution-electrocatalysts-Walton-2020.pdf - Accepted Version - Requires a PDF viewer. Download (1533Kb) | Preview |
Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c01884
Abstract
The rutiles (M,Ru)O2 (M = Mg, Zn, Co, Ni, Cu) are formed directly under hydrothermal conditions at 240 °C from potassium perruthenate and either peroxides of zinc or magnesium, or poorly crystalline oxides of cobalt, nickel or copper. The polycrystalline powders consist of lath-shaped crystallites, tens of nanometres in maximum dimension. Powder neutron diffraction shows that the materials have expanded a axis and contracted c axis compared to the parent RuO2, but there is no evidence of lowering of symmetry to other AO2-type structures, supported by Raman spectroscopy. Rietveld refinement shows no evidence for oxide non-stoichiometry and provides a formula (MxRu1-x)O2 with 0.14 < x < 0.2, depending on the substituent metal. This is supported by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis on the transmission electron microscope, while Ru K-edge XANES spectroscopy shows that upon inclusion of the substituent the average Ru oxidation state is increased to balance charge. Variable temperature magnetic measurements provide evidence for atomic homogeneity of the mixed metal materials, with suppression of the high temperature antiferromagnetism of RuO2 and increased magnetic moment. The new rutiles all show enhanced electrocatalysis compared to reference RuO2 materials for oxygen evolution in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte at 60 °C, with higher specific and mass activity (per Ru) than a low surface area crystalline RuO2, and with less Ru dissolution over 1000 cycles compared to an RuO2 with a similar surface area. Magnesium substitution provides the optimum balance between stability and activity, despite leaching of the Mg2+ into solution, and this was proved in membrane electrode assemblies.
Item Type: | Journal Article | |||||||||
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Subjects: | Q Science > QD Chemistry | |||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Science > Chemistry | |||||||||
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): | Ruthenium -- Oxidation, Ruthenium, Chemistry, Organic, Composite materials | |||||||||
Journal or Publication Title: | Chemistry of Materials | |||||||||
Publisher: | American Chemical Society | |||||||||
ISSN: | 0897-4756 | |||||||||
Official Date: | 28 July 2020 | |||||||||
Dates: |
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Volume: | 32 | |||||||||
Number: | 14 | |||||||||
Page Range: | pp. 6150-6160 | |||||||||
DOI: | 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c01884 | |||||||||
Status: | Peer Reviewed | |||||||||
Publication Status: | Published | |||||||||
Reuse Statement (publisher, data, author rights): | This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Chemistry of Materials, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c01884 | |||||||||
Access rights to Published version: | Restricted or Subscription Access | |||||||||
Date of first compliant deposit: | 9 July 2020 | |||||||||
Date of first compliant Open Access: | 29 June 2021 | |||||||||
RIOXX Funder/Project Grant: |
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