Cutello, C. A., Gummerum, Michaela, Hellier, E. and Hanoch, Y. (2021) Evaluating intervention to reduce risky driving behaviours : taking the fear out of virtual reality. Risk Analysis, 41 (9). pp. 1662-1673. doi:10.1111/risa.13643

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Abstract

Educational programs are the most common type of intervention to reduce risky driving behavior. Their success, however, depends on the content of the material used and the mode of delivery. In the present study, we examined the impact of fear versus positively framed road safety films and traditional technologies (2D) versus emerging technologies (VR) on young drivers’ self‐reported risky driving behaviors. One hundred and forty‐six university students completed a similar set of questionnaires pre‐intervention and post‐intervention, two weeks later. In addition, they were randomly assigned to one of the four experimental conditions (VR vs. 2D; positive vs. negative). In the VR conditions, the film was presented using an HTC VIVE Virtual Reality headset. In the 2D conditions, the film was presented on a computer screen. Measures evaluating attitudes toward risky driving behavior were completed at both time frames, questions regarding the participants' emotional arousal were asked at pre‐intervention as a manipulation check, and questions regarding willingness to take risks in potentially dangerous driving situations were asked at follow‐up. The findings indicate that the positively framed films significantly decreased self‐reported risky driving behaviors in both modalities, but especially when viewed in VR format. In contrast, the fear appeal film, when shown in VR, failed to reduce risky driving behaviors, and in fact, increased young drivers’ self‐reported risky driving behaviors. Theoretical frameworks regarding the strengths and weaknesses of fear appeals and positively framed appeals are discussed to aid future research to reduce risky driving. Practical implications on the future usage of VR are also considered.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Subjects:	B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BF Psychology H Social Sciences > HE Transportation and Communications
Divisions:	Faculty of Science > Psychology
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):	Motor vehicle drivers -- Training of, Motor vehicle drivers -- Attitudes, Automobile driver education, Automobile drivers' tests -- Evaluation, Risk-taking (Psychology), Teenage automobile drivers, Virtual reality in education -- Evaluation, Virtual reality
Journal or Publication Title:	Risk Analysis
Publisher:	Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
ISSN:	0272-4332
Official Date:	September 2021
Dates:	Date Event September 2021 Published 20 November 2020 Available 7 November 2020 Accepted
Volume:	41
Number:	9
Page Range:	pp. 1662-1673
DOI:	10.1111/risa.13643
Status:	Peer Reviewed
Publication Status:	Published
Publisher Statement:	"This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Cutello, C.A., Gummerum, M., Hanoch, Y. and Hellier, E. (2020), Evaluating an Intervention to Reduce Risky Driving Behaviors: Taking the Fear Out of Virtual Reality. Risk Analysis., which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13643. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions."
Access rights to Published version:	Restricted or Subscription Access
Related URLs:	Publisher

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