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Experimental and theoretical study of oxygen precipitation and the resulting limitation of silicon solar cell wafers

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Schön, J., Niewelt, T., Mu, D., Maus, S., Wolf, A., Murphy, John D. and Schubert, M. C. (2021) Experimental and theoretical study of oxygen precipitation and the resulting limitation of silicon solar cell wafers. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 11 (2). pp. 289-297. doi:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2020.3044353

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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2020.3044353

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Abstract

Commercial silicon is prone to form silicon oxide precipitates during high-temperature treatments typical for solar cell production. Oxide precipitates can cause severe efficiency degradation in solar cells. We have developed a model describing the nucleation and growth of oxide precipitates that considers silicon self-interstitial defects and surface effects influencing the precipitate growth in ∼150 μm thick wafers during the solar cell processing. This kinetic model is calibrated with experiments that cause a well-defined and strong precipitate growth to give a prediction of the carrier lifetime limitation because of the oxide precipitates. We test the oxide precipitate model with scanning Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, selective etching, and lifetime measurements on typical Cz solar cell wafers before and after solar cell processes. Despite the relatively rough saw damaged etched surfaces and the thin wafers, we observe recurring ring patterns in the measurements of interstitial oxygen reductions, oxide precipitate etch pit density, and recombination activity by photoluminescence imaging. The concentration of precipitated oxygen correlates with the recombination activity and with the initial interstitial oxygen concentration. However, we found lifetime measurements to be a more sensitive technique to study oxide precipitates and using these we find smaller precipitates not detected by selective etching are very recombination active too. The measured concentrations of precipitated oxygen and lifetime agree fairly well with the predictions of the model.

Item Type: Journal Article
Subjects: T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering
Divisions: Faculty of Science > Engineering
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): Photovoltaic cells , Silicon solar cells, Silicon solar cells -- Performance , Oxygen
Journal or Publication Title: IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics
Publisher: IEEE
ISSN: 2156-3381
Official Date: March 2021
Dates:
DateEvent
March 2021Published
8 January 2021Available
9 December 2020Accepted
Date of first compliant deposit: 10 December 2020
Volume: 11
Number: 2
Page Range: pp. 289-297
DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2020.3044353
Status: Peer Reviewed
Publication Status: Published
Access rights to Published version: Open Access
RIOXX Funder/Project Grant:
Project/Grant IDRIOXX Funder NameFunder ID
EP/M024911/1 [EPSRC] Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Councilhttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000266
EP/S000763/1[EPSRC] Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Councilhttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000266
0324274C Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologiehttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002765
0324274EBundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologiehttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002765
0324079DBundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologiehttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002765
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