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Gallium-doped silicon for high-efficiency commercial passivated emitter and rear solar cells

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Grant, Nicholas E., Altermat, Pietro P., Niewelt, Tim, Post, Regina, Kwapil, Wolfram, Schubert, Martin C. and Murphy, John D. (2021) Gallium-doped silicon for high-efficiency commercial passivated emitter and rear solar cells. Solar RRL, 5 . 2000754. doi:10.1002/solr.202000754 ISSN 2367-198X.

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Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202000754

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Abstract

Czochralski‐grown gallium‐doped silicon wafers are now a mainstream substrate for commercial passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) devices and allow retention of established processes while offering enhanced cell stability. We have assessed the carrier lifetime potential of such Czochralski‐grown wafers in dependence of resistivity, finding effective lifetimes well into the millisecond region without any gettering or hydrogenation processing, thus demonstrating one advantage over boron‐doped silicon. Second, the stability of gallium‐doped PERC cells are monitored under illumination (>3000 h in some cases) and anomalous behavior is detected. While some cells are stable, others exhibit a degradation then recovery, reminiscent of light and elevated temperature‐induced degradation (LeTID) observed in other silicon materials. Surprisingly, cells from one ingot exhibit LeTID‐like behavior when annealed at 300 °C but near stability when not annealed, but, for another ingot, the opposite is observed. Moreover, a stabilization process typically used to mitigate boron–oxygen degradation does not influence any cells that are studied. Secondary‐ion mass spectrometry of the PERC cells reveals significant concentrations of unintentionally incorporated boron in some cases. Nevertheless, even in the absence of mitigating light‐induced degradation, Ga‐doped silicon is still more stable than unstabilized B‐doped silicon under illumination.

Item Type: Journal Article
Alternative Title: Gallium doped silicon for high efficiency commercial PERC solar cells
Subjects: Q Science > QD Chemistry
T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering
T Technology > TP Chemical technology
Divisions: Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Engineering > Engineering
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): Gallium , Gallium arsenide solar cells , Photovoltaic cells -- Materials, Silicon compounds
Journal or Publication Title: Solar RRL
Publisher: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
ISSN: 2367-198X
Official Date: 6 April 2021
Dates:
DateEvent
6 April 2021Published
19 February 2021Available
18 February 2021Accepted
Volume: 5
Article Number: 2000754
DOI: 10.1002/solr.202000754
Status: Peer Reviewed
Publication Status: Published
Access rights to Published version: Open Access (Creative Commons)
Date of first compliant deposit: 18 February 2021
Date of first compliant Open Access: 23 March 2021
RIOXX Funder/Project Grant:
Project/Grant IDRIOXX Funder NameFunder ID
EP/M024911/1[EPSRC] Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Councilhttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000266
EP/J01768X/2[EPSRC] Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Councilhttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000266
P/S000763/1[EPSRC] Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Councilhttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000266
0324204ABundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologiehttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002765
0324204CBundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologiehttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002765
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