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The optimisation analysis of sand‐clay mixtures stabilised with xanthan gum biopolymers
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Ni, Jing, Hao, Gang-Lai, Chen, Jia-Qi, Ma, Lei and Geng, Xue-yu (2021) The optimisation analysis of sand‐clay mixtures stabilised with xanthan gum biopolymers. Sustainability, 13 (7). e3732. doi:10.3390/su13073732 ISSN 2071-1050.
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WRAP-Optimisation-analysis-sand-clay-mixtures-stabilised-xanthan-gum-biopolymers-2021.pdf - Published Version - Requires a PDF viewer. Available under License Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. Download (3904Kb) | Preview |
Official URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073732
Abstract
Sand–clay mixtures can be encountered in both natural soils (e.g., residual soils, clay deposits and clinosols) and artificial fills. The method of utilising biopolymers in ground improvement for sand–clay mixtures has emerged recently. However, a full understanding of the strengthening effect of biopolymer-treated sand–clay mixtures has not yet been achieved due to a limited number of relevant studies. In this study, xanthan gum (XG), as one of the eco-friendly biopolymers, was used to treat reconstituted sand–clay mixtures that had various compositions in related to clay (or sand) content and clay type (kaolin and bentonite). A series of laboratory unconfined compression strength (UCS) tests were conducted to probe the performances of XG-treated sand–clay mixtures from two aspects, i.e., optimum treatment conditions (e.g., XG content and initial moisture content) to achieve the maximum strengthening effect and strengthening efficiency for the sand–clay mixtures with different compositions. The experimental results indicated that the optimum initial moisture content decreased as the sand content increased. The optimum XG content, which also decreased with the increasing sand content, remained approximately 3.75% for all sand–kaolin mixtures and 5.75% for all sand–bentonite mixtures if calculated based on clay fraction. While untreated sand–kaolin mixtures and sand–bentonite mixtures had comparable UCS values, XG-treated sand–kaolin mixtures seemed to have better improved mechanical strength due to higher ionic (or hydrogen) bonds with XG and low-swelling properties compared with bentonite. The deformation modulus of XG-treated sand–clay mixtures were positively related with UCS. The variation in UCS and stiffness for each treatment condition increased as the sand content was elevated for both sand-kaolin and sand-bentonite mixtures. An increment in the proportion of the heterogeneous composite formed by irregular sand particles conglomerated with the XG–clay matrix in total soil might be responsible for this phenomenon.
| Item Type: | Journal Article | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Subjects: | Q Science > QE Geology Q Science > QK Botany T Technology > TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) T Technology > TN Mining engineering. Metallurgy T Technology > TP Chemical technology |
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| Divisions: | Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Engineering > Engineering | ||||||||||||||||||
| SWORD Depositor: | Library Publications Router | ||||||||||||||||||
| Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): | Xanthan gum, Kaolinite, Bentonite , Biopolymers , Soil mechanics, Geotechnical engineering | ||||||||||||||||||
| Journal or Publication Title: | Sustainability | ||||||||||||||||||
| Publisher: | MDPI | ||||||||||||||||||
| ISSN: | 2071-1050 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Official Date: | 26 March 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Dates: |
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| Volume: | 13 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Number: | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Article Number: | e3732 | ||||||||||||||||||
| DOI: | 10.3390/su13073732 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Status: | Peer Reviewed | ||||||||||||||||||
| Publication Status: | Published | ||||||||||||||||||
| Reuse Statement (publisher, data, author rights): | ** From MDPI via Jisc Publications Router ** History: accepted 23-03-2021; pub-electronic 26-03-2021. ** Licence for this article: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | ||||||||||||||||||
| Access rights to Published version: | Open Access (Creative Commons) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Date of first compliant deposit: | 6 May 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Date of first compliant Open Access: | 10 May 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||
| RIOXX Funder/Project Grant: |
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