Yang, Xinliang, Tang, Fengzai, Hao, Xinjiang and Li, Zushu (2021) Oxide evolution during the solidification of 316L stainless steel from additive manufacturing powders with different oxygen contents. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 52 . pp. 2253-2262. doi:10.1007/s11663-021-02191-w ISSN 1073-5615.

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Abstract

The oxide evolution during the solidification of 316L stainless steel from additive manufacturing powders with different oxygen contents is studied by in situ observation of the melting and solidification of the powder materials, advanced characterization of the solidified materials, and non-equilibrium thermodynamic analysis. An oxide evolution map is established for the 316L powders with different oxygen contents. It reveals the relationship between the surface oxidation in the reused powder and its expected oxide species and morphology in the as-solidified component. For the 316L powder with oxygen content higher than ~ 0.039 pct, the liquid oxide formed first from the steel melt and then crystallized to certain oxide phases during solidification, while for the powder with lower oxygen, oxide phases are suggested to directly form from the steel melt. The oxide species in the as-solidified sample was predicted by the Scheil–Gulliver cooling calculation and verified by the TEM-based phase identification. The oxides formed in the melt of low O 316L alloy (0.0355 pct O) are predicted to be (Mn, Cr)Cr2O4 spinel and SiO2 oxide. In the high O (0.4814 pct O) 316L melt solidification, the final oxides formed are (Mn, Cr)Cr2O4 spinel, SiO2 oxide, and Cr2O3 corundum. As an important characteristic of powder materials, the oxygen pick-up due to the powder surface oxidation significantly influences the inclusion evolution in the powder fusion process.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Subjects:	T Technology > TN Mining engineering. Metallurgy T Technology > TS Manufactures
Divisions:	Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Engineering > WMG (Formerly the Warwick Manufacturing Group)
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):	Additive manufacturing, Stainless steel , Steel -- Welding , Steel -- Metallurgy -- Oxygen processes, Steel -- Oxygen content
Journal or Publication Title:	Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B
Publisher:	Springer New York LLC
ISSN:	1073-5615
Official Date:	August 2021
Dates:	Date Event August 2021 Published 10 May 2021 Available 16 April 2021 Accepted
Volume:	52
Page Range:	pp. 2253-2262
DOI:	10.1007/s11663-021-02191-w
Status:	Peer Reviewed
Publication Status:	Published
Reuse Statement (publisher, data, author rights):	This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/[insert DOI].
Access rights to Published version:	Open Access (Creative Commons)
Date of first compliant deposit:	5 May 2021
Date of first compliant Open Access:	20 May 2021
RIOXX Funder/Project Grant:	Project/Grant ID RIOXX Funder Name Funder ID EP/N011368/1 [EPSRC] Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000266
Related URLs:	Publisher

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