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Indoor residual spraying practises against Triatoma infestans in the Bolivian Chaco : contributing factors to suboptimal insecticide delivery to treated households
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Gonçalves, Raquel, Logan, Rhiannon A. E., Ismail, Hanafy M., Paine, Mark J. I., Bern, Caryn and Courtenay, Orin (2021) Indoor residual spraying practises against Triatoma infestans in the Bolivian Chaco : contributing factors to suboptimal insecticide delivery to treated households. Parasites & Vectors, 14 . 327. doi:10.1186/s13071-021-04831-1 ISSN 1756-3305.
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Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04831-1
Abstract
Background
Indoor residual spraying (IRS) of insecticides is a key method to reduce vector transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, causing Chagas disease in a large part of South America. However, the successes of IRS in the Gran Chaco region straddling Bolivia, Argentina, and Paraguay, have not equalled those in other Southern Cone countries.
Aims
This study evaluated routine IRS practices and insecticide quality control in a typical endemic community in the Bolivian Chaco.
Methods
Alpha-cypermethrin active ingredient (a.i.) captured onto filter papers fitted to sprayed wall surfaces, and in prepared spray tank solutions, were measured using an adapted Insecticide Quantification Kit (IQK™) validated against HPLC quantification methods. The data were analysed by mixed-effects negative binomial regression models to examine the delivered insecticide a.i. concentrations on filter papers in relation to the sprayed wall heights, spray coverage rates (surface area / spray time [m2/min]), and observed/expected spray rate ratios. Variations between health workers and householders’ compliance to empty houses for IRS delivery were also evaluated. Sedimentation rates of alpha-cypermethrin a.i. post-mixing of prepared spray tanks were quantified in the laboratory.
Results
Substantial variations were observed in the alpha-cypermethrin a.i. concentrations delivered; only 10.4% (50/480) of filter papers and 8.8% (5/57) of houses received the target concentration of 50 mg ± 20% a.i./m2. The delivered concentrations were not related to those in the matched spray tank solutions. The sedimentation of alpha-cypermethrin a.i. in the surface solution of prepared spray tanks was rapid post-mixing, resulting in a linear 3.3% loss of a.i. content per minute and 49% loss after 15 min. Only 7.5% (6/80) of houses were sprayed at the WHO recommended rate of 19 m2/min (± 10%), whereas 77.5% (62/80) were sprayed at a lower than expected rate. The median a.i. concentration delivered to houses was not significantly associated with the observed spray coverage rate. Householder compliance did not significantly influence either the spray coverage rates or the median alpha-cypermethrin a.i. concentrations delivered to houses.
Conclusions
Suboptimal delivery of IRS is partially attributable to the insecticide physical characteristics and the need for revision of insecticide delivery methods, which includes training of IRS teams and community education to encourage compliance. The IQK™ is a necessary field-friendly tool to improve IRS quality and to facilitate health worker training and decision-making by Chagas disease vector control managers.
| Item Type: | Journal Article | ||||||
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| Divisions: | Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Science > Life Sciences (2010- ) | ||||||
| Journal or Publication Title: | Parasites & Vectors | ||||||
| Publisher: | BioMed Central Ltd. | ||||||
| ISSN: | 1756-3305 | ||||||
| Book Title: | Indoor residual spraying practises against Triatoma infestans in the Bolivian Chaco: contributing factors to suboptimal insecticide delivery to treated households | ||||||
| Official Date: | 16 June 2021 | ||||||
| Dates: |
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| Volume: | 14 | ||||||
| Article Number: | 327 | ||||||
| DOI: | 10.1186/s13071-021-04831-1 | ||||||
| Status: | Peer Reviewed | ||||||
| Publication Status: | Published | ||||||
| Access rights to Published version: | Open Access (Creative Commons) | ||||||
| Date of first compliant deposit: | 10 June 2021 | ||||||
| Date of first compliant Open Access: | 21 June 2021 | ||||||
| Is Part Of: | 1 | ||||||
| Related URLs: | |||||||
| Open Access Version: |
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