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Estimating local outbreak risks and the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions in age-structured populations : SARS-CoV-2 as a case study
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Lovell-Read, Francesca A., Shen, Silvia and Thompson, Robin N. (2022) Estimating local outbreak risks and the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions in age-structured populations : SARS-CoV-2 as a case study. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 535 . 110983. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110983
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Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110983
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) including school closures, workplace closures and social distancing policies have been employed worldwide to reduce transmission and prevent local outbreaks. However, transmission and the effectiveness of NPIs depend strongly on age-related factors including heterogeneities in contact patterns and pathophysiology. Here, using SARS-CoV-2 as a case study, we develop a branching process model for assessing the risk that an infectious case arriving in a new location will initiate a local outbreak, accounting for the age distribution of the host population. We show that the risk of a local outbreak depends on the age of the index case, and we explore the effects of NPIs targeting individuals of different ages. Social distancing policies that reduce contacts outside of schools and workplaces and target individuals of all ages are predicted to reduce local outbreak risks substantially, whereas school closures have a more limited impact. In the scenarios considered here, when different NPIs are used in combination the risk of local outbreaks can be eliminated. We also show that heightened surveillance of infectious individuals reduces the level of NPIs required to prevent local outbreaks, particularly if enhanced surveillance of symptomatic cases is combined with efforts to find and isolate nonsymptomatic infected individuals. Our results reflect real-world experience of the COVID-19 pandemic, during which combinations of intense NPIs have reduced transmission and the risk of local outbreaks. The general modelling framework that we present can be used to estimate local outbreak risks during future epidemics of a range of pathogens, accounting fully for age-related factors.
| Item Type: | Journal Article | |||||||||
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| Subjects: | R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine | |||||||||
| Divisions: | Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Science > Mathematics | |||||||||
| Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): | COVID-19 (Disease), Emergency management, COVID-19 (Disease) -- Prevention -- Economic aspects, COVID-19 (Disease) -- Prevention -- Mathematical models, COVID-19 (Disease) -- Transmission -- Mathematical models, Epidemics -- Mathematical models | |||||||||
| Journal or Publication Title: | Journal of Theoretical Biology | |||||||||
| Publisher: | Elsevier | |||||||||
| ISSN: | 0022-5193 | |||||||||
| Official Date: | 21 February 2022 | |||||||||
| Dates: |
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| Volume: | 535 | |||||||||
| Article Number: | 110983 | |||||||||
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110983 | |||||||||
| Status: | Peer Reviewed | |||||||||
| Publication Status: | Published | |||||||||
| Access rights to Published version: | Open Access | |||||||||
| RIOXX Funder/Project Grant: |
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