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Numerical and experimental characterisation of high energy density 21700 lithium-ion battery fires
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Vendra, Chandra Madhav Rao, Shelke, Ashish V., Buston, Jonathan E.H., Gill, Jason, Howard, Daniel, Read, Elliott, Abaza, Ahmed, Cooper, Brian and Wen, Jennifer X. (2022) Numerical and experimental characterisation of high energy density 21700 lithium-ion battery fires. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 160 . pp. 153-165. doi:10.1016/j.psep.2022.02.014 ISSN 0957-5820.
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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2022.02.014
Abstract
High energy density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are well suited for electrical vehicle applications to facilitate extended driving range. However, the associated fire hazards are of concern. Insight is required to aid the development of protective and mitigation measures. The present study is focused on 4.8 Ah 21700 cylindrical LiNixCoyMnzO (NMC) LIBs at 100% state of charge (SOC) with the aim to develop a viable predictive tool for simulating LIB fires, quantifying the heat release rate and temperature evolution during LIB thermal runaway (TR). To aid the model development and provide input parameters, thermal abuse tests were conducted in extended volume accelerating rate calorimetry (EV-ARC) and cone calorimetry. Some cells were instrumented with inserted temperature probe to facilitate in-situ measurements of both cell internal and surface temperatures. The mean peak values of the heat release rate, cell surface and internal temperatures were experimentally found to be 3.6 kW, 753 °C and 1080 °C, respectively. An analytical model has been developed to predict cell LIB internal pressure evolution following vent opening. The model uses the measured cell internal temperature and EV-ARC canister pressure as input data. Its predictions serve as boundary condition in the three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of TR induced fire using opensource code OpenFOAM. The predicted transient heat release rate compare favourably with the measurements in the cone calorimetry tests. Predictions have also been conducted for an open cluster to assess the likelihood of TR propagation in the absence of cell side rupture. The present modelling approach can serve as a useful tool to assess the thermal and environment hazards of TR induced fires and aid design optimisation of mitigation measures in enclosed cell clusters/modules.
| Item Type: | Journal Article | ||||||||
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| Subjects: | T Technology > TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering |
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| Divisions: | Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Engineering > Engineering | ||||||||
| Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): | Lithium ion batteries -- Risk assessment, Fire, Fire risk assessment, Flammable gases, Computational fluid dynamics | ||||||||
| Journal or Publication Title: | Process Safety and Environmental Protection | ||||||||
| Publisher: | Elsevier | ||||||||
| ISSN: | 0957-5820 | ||||||||
| Official Date: | April 2022 | ||||||||
| Dates: |
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| Volume: | 160 | ||||||||
| Page Range: | pp. 153-165 | ||||||||
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.psep.2022.02.014 | ||||||||
| Status: | Peer Reviewed | ||||||||
| Publication Status: | Published | ||||||||
| Access rights to Published version: | Restricted or Subscription Access | ||||||||
| Date of first compliant deposit: | 21 February 2022 | ||||||||
| RIOXX Funder/Project Grant: |
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