Nightingale, J., Wade, Kimberley A. and Watson, Derrick G. (2022) Investigating age-related differences in ability to distinguish between original and manipulated images. Psychology and Aging, 37 (3). pp. 326-337. doi:10.1037/pag0000682 ISSN 0882-7974.

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Abstract

Manipulated images can have serious and persistent ramifications across many domains: They have undermined trust in political campaigns, incited fear and violence, and fostered dangerous global movements. Despite growing concern about the power of manipulated images to influence people’s beliefs and behavior, few studies have examined whether people can detect manipulations and the psychological processes underpinning this task. We asked 5,291 older adults, 5,291 middle-aged adults, and 5,291 young adults to detect and locate manipulations within images of real-world scenes. To determine whether a simple intervention could improve people’s ability to detect manipulations, some participants viewed a short video which described the five common manipulation techniques used in the current study. Overall, participants demonstrated a limited ability to distinguish between original and manipulated images. Older adults were less accurate in detecting and locating manipulations than younger and middle-aged adults, and the effect of age varied by manipulation type. The video intervention improved performance marginally. Participants were often over-confident in their decisions, despite having limited ability to detect manipulations. Older adults were
more likely than younger and middle-aged adults to report checking for shadow/lighting inconsistencies, a strategy that was not associated with improved discriminability, and less likely to report using other strategies (e.g., photometric inconsistencies) that were associated with improved discriminability. Differences in strategy use might help to account for the age differences in accuracy. Further research is needed to advance our understanding of the psychological mechanisms underlying image manipulation detection and the myriad factors that may enhance or impair performance.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Subjects:	B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BF Psychology T Technology > TR Photography
Divisions:	Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Science > Psychology
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):	Image processing -- Digital techniques, Imaging systems -- Image quality, Visual perception -- Age factors, Photography -- Digital techniques , Photography -- Digital techniques -- Psychological aspects, Technology and older people
Journal or Publication Title:	Psychology and Aging
Publisher:	American Psychological Association
ISSN:	0882-7974
Official Date:	25 April 2022
Dates:	Date Event 25 April 2022 Published 1 March 2022 Accepted
Volume:	37
Number:	3
Page Range:	pp. 326-337
DOI:	10.1037/pag0000682
Status:	Peer Reviewed
Publication Status:	Published
Reuse Statement (publisher, data, author rights):	©American Psychological Association, 2022. This paper is not the copy of record and may not exactly replicate the authoritative document published in the APA journal. The final article is available, upon publication, at: https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000682
Access rights to Published version:	Restricted or Subscription Access
Date of first compliant deposit:	14 March 2022
Date of first compliant Open Access:	16 March 2022
Related URLs:	Publisher

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