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Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis

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Quinnell, Rupert J. and Courtenay, Orin. (2009) Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitology, Vol.136 (No.14). pp. 1915-1934. ISSN 0031-1820

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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182009991156

Abstract

Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) caused by Leishmania infantum is an important disease of humans and dogs. Here we review aspects of the transmission and control of ZVL. Whilst there is clear evidence that ZVL is maintained by sandfly transmission, transmission may also occur by non-sandfly routes, Such as congenital and sexual transmission. Dogs are the only confirmed primary reservoir of infection. Meta-analysis of dog studies confirms that infectiousness is higher in symptomatic infection; infectiousness is also higher in European than South American Studies. A high prevalence of infection has been reported from an increasing number of domestic and wild mammals; updated host ranges are provided. The crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous, opossums Didelphis spp., domestic cat Felis cattus, black rat Rattus rattus and humans can infect sandflies, but confirmation of these hosts as primary or secondary reservoirs requires further xenodiagnosis studies at the population level. Thus the putative sylvatic reservoir(s) of ZVL remains unknown. Review of intervention studies examining the effectiveness of current control methods highlights the lack of randomized controlled trials of both dog culling and residual insecticide spraying. Topical insecticides (deltamethrin-impregnated collars and pour-ons) have been shown to provide a high level of individual protection to treated dogs, but further community-level studies are needed.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Subjects:	Q Science > QL Zoology
Divisions:	Faculty of Science > Life Sciences (2010- ) > Biological Sciences ( -2010)
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):	Leishmaniasis -- Transmission, Host-parasite relationships, Dogs -- Diseases
Journal or Publication Title:	Parasitology
Publisher:	Cambridge University Press
ISSN:	0031-1820
Date:	December 2009
Volume:	Vol.136
Number:	No.14
Number of Pages:	20
Page Range:	pp. 1915-1934
Identification Number:	10.1017/S0031182009991156
Status:	Not Peer Reviewed
Publication Status:	Published
Access rights to Published version:	Restricted or Subscription Access
Funder:	Wellcome Trust (London, England)
Title of Event:	British-Society-for-Parasitology Symposium on Transmission Cycles in Protozoan Parasites
Type of Event:	Conference
Location of Event:	ENGLAND
Date(s) of Event:	NOV 14, 2008
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URI:	http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/16579