[1] Alan F. Beardon, The geometry of discrete groups, Grad. Texts Math. 91, Springer-Verlag, New York 1995.
Corrected reprint of the 1983 original.
[2] Mladen Bestvina, Questions in geometric group theory, http://www.math.utah.edu/~bestvina.
[3] Joan S. Birman, Mapping class groups and their relationship to braid groups, Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 22
(1969), 213–238.
[4] Joan S. Birman, Braids, links, and mapping class groups, Ann. Math. Stud. 82 (1974).
[5] Joan S. Birman and Hugh M. Hilden, On the mapping class groups of closed surfaces as covering spaces, in:
Advances in the theory of Riemann surfaces (Proc. Conf., Stony Brook, N.Y., 1969), Ann. Math. Stud. 66
(1971), 81–115.
[6] Martin R. Bridson and Andre´ Haefliger, Metric spaces of non-positive curvature, Grundl. Math. Wiss. 319,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1999.
[7] Max Dehn, Papers on group theory and topology, Springer-Verlag, New York 1987. Translated from the
German and with introductions and an appendix by John Stillwell, with an appendix by Otto Schreier.
[8] Benson Farb and Lee Mosher, Convex cocompact subgroups of mapping class groups, Geom. Topol. 6
(2002), 91–152.
[9] Ursula Hamensta¨dt, Word hyperbolic extensions of surface groups, preprint, arXiv:math.GT/0505244.
[10] John L. Harer, The virtual cohomological dimension of the mapping class group of an orientable surface,
Invent. Math. 84(1) (1986), 157–176.
[11] Allen Hatcher and Karen Vogtmann, Tethers and homology stability, preprint.
[12] Nikolai V. Ivanov, Subgroups of Teichmu¨ ller modular groups, Transl. Math. Monogr. 115, American Mathematical
Society, Providence, RI, 1992. Translated from the Russian by E. J. F. Primrose and revised by the
author.
[13] Richard P. Kent IV and Christopher J. Leininger, Shadows of mapping class groups: capturing convex cocompactness,
Geom. Funct. Anal. 18 (2008), 1270–1325.
[14] Richard P. Kent IV and Christopher J. Leininger, Subgroups of the mapping class group from the geometrical
viewpoint, In the tradition of Ahlfors-Bers, IV, Contemp. Math. 432 (2007), 119–141.
[15] Irwin Kra, On the Nielsen-Thurston-Bers type of some self-maps of Riemann surfaces, Acta Math. 146(3–4)
(1981), 231–270.
[16] Bernard Maskit, Kleinian groups, Grundl. Math. Wiss. 287, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1988.
[17] Lee Mosher, Problems in the geometry of surface group extensions, in: Problems on mapping class groups
and related topics, Proc. Sympos. Pure Math. 74 (2006), 245–256.
[18] G. Peter Scott and Gadde A. Swarup, Geometric finiteness of certain Kleinian groups, Proc. Amer. Math.
Soc. 109(3) (1990), 765–768.
[19] Peter B. Shalen, Representations of 3-manifold groups, in: Handbook of geometric topology, North-
Holland, Amsterdam (2002), 955–1044.
[20] John R. Stallings, Topologically unrealizable automorphisms of free groups, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 84(1)
(1982), 21–24.