Noori, Roohollah, Farahni, Farhad, Jun, Changhyun, Aradpour, Saber, Bateni, Sayed M., Ghazban, Fereydoun, Hosseinzadeh, Majid, Abolfathi, Soroush, Maghrebi, Mohsen and Naseh, Mohammad Reza Vesali (2022) A non-threshold model to estimate carcinogenic risk of nitrate-nitrite in drinking water. Journal of Cleaner Production, 363 . 132432. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132432

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Abstract

Understanding nitrate–nitrite (3−2) levels in drinking water and associated non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks are essential to protect public health safety. The non-carcinogenic risk assessment of 3–2 in drinking water has been well documented, however, there remains a knowledge gap in understanding and quantification of the carcinogenic risk of 3–2. This study develops a non-threshold–based model for estimation of carcinogenic risk of 3–2 ingested through drinking water for a densely populated urban area with a case study of Tehran's potable water (TPW). In this regard, 200 tap water samples from different parts of the city were taken in wet (May 2018) and dry (October 2018) periods to determine 3– concentration in the TPW and the associated health risks across different grounds of end-users. Sampling results reveal higher concentrations of 3– during the dry period, which can be associated to the significant contribution of nitrogen–rich groundwater in supplying the city's water demands during the dry period. Findings suggest concerns associated with the non-carcinogenic risk of 3– in the TPW, especially for children. More than 55% of the samples taken during the dry period show a positive carcinogenic risk for different groups of end-users (68% for men, 72% for women, and 56% for children) whilst just 8% of the samples are deemed unsafe with regards to the permissible level in drinking water, i.e. 50 mg/L. Approximately, 45% of the samples taken during the wet period show a positive carcinogenic risk for adults whilst the maximum concentration of was about 23 mg/L, i.e. two times less than the permissible level in drinking water. The findings emphasize on the necessity of reducing the permissible level of in drinking water, set out by the existing water quality standards, to safeguard public health against the carcinogenic risks. The model developed within this study recommends the urgent need for reduction of level in Tehran's water resources to protect public health of over 13 M population who incessantly use the TPW.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Subjects:	G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation > GE Environmental Sciences Q Science > QD Chemistry R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine > RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine R Medicine > RC Internal medicine T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering
Divisions:	Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Engineering > Engineering
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):	Drinking water -- Health aspects -- Iran -- Tehran, Drinking water -- Risk assessment -- Iran -- Tehran, Water quality -- Iran -- Tehran, Carcinogens, Nitrates
Journal or Publication Title:	Journal of Cleaner Production
Publisher:	Elsevier
ISSN:	0959-6526
Official Date:	20 August 2022
Dates:	Date Event 20 August 2022 Published 9 June 2022 Available 25 May 2022 Accepted
Volume:	363
Article Number:	132432
DOI:	10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132432
Status:	Peer Reviewed
Publication Status:	Published
Access rights to Published version:	Restricted or Subscription Access

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