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A study of flares in the ultra-cool regime from SPECULOOS-South

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Murray, C. A., Queloz, D., Gillon, M., Demory, B. O., Triaud, A. H. M. J., de Wit, J., Burdanov, A., Chinchilla, P., Delrez, L., Dransfield, G. et al.
(2022) A study of flares in the ultra-cool regime from SPECULOOS-South. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 513 (2). pp. 2615-2634. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1078 ISSN 1745-3933.

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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac1078

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Abstract

We present a study of photometric flares on 154 low-mass (≤0.2 M⊙) objects observed by the SPECULOOS-South Observatory from 2018 June 1 to 2020 March 23. In this sample, we identify 85 flaring objects, ranging in spectral type from M4 to L0. We detect 234 flares in this sample, with energies between 1029.2 and 1032.7 erg, using both automated and manual methods. With this work, we present the largest photometric sample of flares on late-M and ultra-cool dwarfs to date. By extending previous M dwarf flare studies into the ultra-cool regime, we find M5–M7 stars are more likely to flare than both earlier, and later, M dwarfs. By performing artificial flare injection-recovery tests, we demonstrate that we can detect a significant proportion of flares down to an amplitude of 1 per cent, and we are most sensitive to flares on the coolest stars. Our results reveal an absence of high-energy flares on the reddest dwarfs. To probe the relations between rotation and activity for fully convective stars, we extract rotation periods for fast rotators and lower-bound period estimates of slow rotators. These rotation periods span from 2.2 h to 65 d, and we find that the proportion of flaring stars increases for the most fastest rotators. Finally, we discuss the impact of our flare sample on planets orbiting ultra-cool stars. As stars become cooler, they flare less frequently; therefore, it is unlikely that planets around the most reddest dwarfs would enter the ‘abiogenesis’ zone or drive visible-light photosynthesis through flares alone.

Item Type: Journal Article
Subjects: Q Science > QB Astronomy
Divisions: Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Science > Physics
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): Flare stars, Stars -- Observations, Astronomy -- Observations, Astrophysics
Journal or Publication Title: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISSN: 1745-3933
Official Date: June 2022
Dates:
DateEvent
June 2022Published
19 April 2022Available
12 April 2022Accepted
14 July 2021Submitted
Volume: 513
Number: 2
Page Range: pp. 2615-2634
DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stac1078
Status: Peer Reviewed
Publication Status: Published
Reuse Statement (publisher, data, author rights): This article has been accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society ©: 2022 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.
Access rights to Published version: Restricted or Subscription Access
Copyright Holders: The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society
Date of first compliant deposit: 5 July 2022
Date of first compliant Open Access: 6 July 2022
RIOXX Funder/Project Grant:
Project/Grant IDRIOXX Funder NameFunder ID
336480European Research Councilhttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000781
679030[ERC] Horizon 2020 Framework Programmehttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010661
803193/BEBOP[ERC] Horizon 2020 Framework Programmehttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010661
UNSPECIFIEDActions de Recherche ConcertéeUNSPECIFIED
UNSPECIFIEDBalzan Prize FoundationUNSPECIFIED
UNSPECIFIEDPORTALUNSPECIFIED
ST/S00193X/1[STFC] Science and Technology Facilities Councilhttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000271
T010920FFonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRShttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002661
327127Simons Foundationhttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000893
UNSPECIFIEDMERAC FoundationUNSPECIFIED
UNSPECIFIEDKavli InstituteUNSPECIFIED
PP00P2-163967[SNSF] Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschunghttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001711
PP00P2-190080[SNSF] Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschunghttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001711
ST/S00193X/1[STFC] Science and Technology Facilities Councilhttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000271
ST/S00305/1[STFC] Science and Technology Facilities Councilhttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000271
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