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Radio analysis of SN2004C reveals an unusual CSM density profile as a harbinger of core collapse
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DeMarchi, Lindsay, Margutti, R., Dittman, J., Brunthaler, A., Milisavljevic, D., Bietenholz, Michael F., Stauffer, C., Brethauer, D., Coppejans, D., Auchettl, K., Alexander, K. D., Kilpatrick, C. D., Bright, Joe S., Kelley, L. Z., Stroh, Michael C. and Jacobson-Galán, W. V. (2022) Radio analysis of SN2004C reveals an unusual CSM density profile as a harbinger of core collapse. The Astrophysical Journal, 938 (1). 84. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac8c26 ISSN 0004-637X.
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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac8c26
Abstract
We present extensive multifrequency Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) and Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) observations of the radio-bright supernova (SN) IIb SN 2004C that span ∼40–2793 days post-explosion. We interpret the temporal evolution of the radio spectral energy distribution in the context of synchrotron self-absorbed emission from the explosion's forward shock as it expands in the circumstellar medium (CSM) previously sculpted by the mass-loss history of the stellar progenitor. VLBA observations and modeling of the VLA data point to a blastwave with average velocity ∼0.06 c that carries an energy of ≈1049 erg. Our modeling further reveals a flat CSM density profile ρCSM ∝ R−0.03±0.22 up to a break radius Rbr ≈ (1.96 ± 0.10) × 1016 cm, with a steep density gradient following ρCSM ∝ R−2.3±0.5 at larger radii. We infer that the flat part of the density profile corresponds to a CSM shell with mass ∼0.021 M☉, and that the progenitor's effective mass-loss rate varied with time over the range (50–500) × 10−5 M☉ yr−1 for an adopted wind velocity vw = 1000 km s−1 and shock microphysical parameters epsilone = 0.1, epsilonB = 0.01. These results add to the mounting observational evidence for departures from the traditional single-wind mass-loss scenarios in evolved, massive stars in the centuries leading up to core collapse. Potentially viable scenarios include mass loss powered by gravity waves and/or interaction with a binary companion.
Item Type: | Journal Article | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Subjects: | Q Science > QB Astronomy Q Science > QC Physics |
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Divisions: | Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Science > Physics | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): | Supernovae, Nuclear astrophysics, Astrophysics, Radio astronomy, Supernovae as distance indicators, Interstellar matter | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Journal or Publication Title: | The Astrophysical Journal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Publisher: | Institute of Physics Publishing, Inc. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ISSN: | 0004-637X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Official Date: | 14 October 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dates: |
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Volume: | 938 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Number: | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Number of Pages: | 21 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Article Number: | 84 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
DOI: | 10.3847/1538-4357/ac8c26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Status: | Peer Reviewed | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Publication Status: | Published | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Access rights to Published version: | Open Access (Creative Commons) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Date of first compliant deposit: | 7 November 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Date of first compliant Open Access: | 8 November 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
RIOXX Funder/Project Grant: |
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