Marshall, A. (Andrea), Altman, Douglas G., Holder, Roger L. and Royston, Patrick (2009) Combining estimates of interest in prognostic modelling studies after multiple imputation: current practice and guidelines. BMC Medical Research Methodology, Vol.9 (Articl). doi:10.1186/1471-2288-9-57

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Abstract

Background: Multiple imputation (MI) provides an effective approach to handle missing covariate
data within prognostic modelling studies, as it can properly account for the missing data
uncertainty. The multiply imputed datasets are each analysed using standard prognostic modelling
techniques to obtain the estimates of interest. The estimates from each imputed dataset are then
combined into one overall estimate and variance, incorporating both the within and between
imputation variability. Rubin's rules for combining these multiply imputed estimates are based on
asymptotic theory. The resulting combined estimates may be more accurate if the posterior
distribution of the population parameter of interest is better approximated by the normal
distribution. However, the normality assumption may not be appropriate for all the parameters of
interest when analysing prognostic modelling studies, such as predicted survival probabilities and
model performance measures.
Methods: Guidelines for combining the estimates of interest when analysing prognostic modelling
studies are provided. A literature review is performed to identify current practice for combining
such estimates in prognostic modelling studies.
Results: Methods for combining all reported estimates after MI were not well reported in the
current literature. Rubin's rules without applying any transformations were the standard approach
used, when any method was stated.
Conclusion: The proposed simple guidelines for combining estimates after MI may lead to a wider
and more appropriate use of MI in future prognostic modelling studies.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Subjects:	R Medicine > R Medicine (General) Q Science > QA Mathematics
Divisions:	Faculty of Medicine > Warwick Medical School
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):	Multiple imputation (Statistics), Missing observations (Statistics), Statistical hypothesis testing -- Asymptotic theory, Mathematical models -- Evaluation, Medical statistics
Journal or Publication Title:	BMC Medical Research Methodology
Publisher:	BioMed Central Ltd.
ISSN:	1471-2288
Official Date:	28 July 2009
Dates:	Date Event 28 July 2009 Published
Volume:	Vol.9
Number:	Articl
DOI:	10.1186/1471-2288-9-57
Status:	Peer Reviewed
Access rights to Published version:	Open Access
Funder:	Cancer Research UK (CRUK)

Data sourced from Thomson Reuters' Web of Knowledge

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