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Race and mental health : there is more to race than racism

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Singh, Swaran P. and Burns, Tom. (2006) Race and mental health : there is more to race than racism. BMJ, Vol.333 . pp. 648-651. ISSN 0959-535X

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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38930.501516.BE

Abstract

Some minority ethnic groups in England and Wales have higher rates of admission for mental illness and more adverse pathways to care. Are the resulting accusations of institutional racism within psychiatry justified?

Item Type: Journal Article
Subjects: R Medicine > RC Internal medicine
B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BF Psychology
Divisions: Faculty of Social Sciences > Economics
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): Minorities -- Mental health services -- Great Britain, Mental health services -- Great Britain, Immigrants -- Mental health -- Great Britain
Journal or Publication Title: BMJ
Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.
ISSN: 0959-535X
Date: 23 September 2006
Volume: Vol.333
Page Range: pp. 648-651
Identification Number: 10.1136/bmj.38930.501516.BE
Status: Peer Reviewed
Access rights to Published version: Open Access
References: 1 Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection. Count me in. Results of a national census of inpatients in mental health hospitals and facilities in England and Wales. London: Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection, 2005 (www.healthcarecommission.org.uk/_db/_documents/ 04021830.pdf). 2 MacAttram M. Census reveals unprecedented levels of racism within the NHS. 15 Dec 2005. National Black and Minority Ethnic Mental Health Network. www.bmementalhealth.org.uk/index.php?option = com_ content&task = view&id = 46&Itemid = 1 (accessed 1 Aug 2006). 3 Department of Health. Delivering race equality in mental health care: an action plan for reform inside and outside services and the government’s response to the independent inquiry into the death of David Bennett. London: DoH, 2005. (www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/10/07/75/04100775.pdf) 4 Independent inquiry into the death of David Bennett. Cambridge: Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire Strategic Health Authority, 2003. (www.nscstha.nhs.uk/4856/11516/David%20Bennett%20Inquiry.pdf) 5 National Institute for Mental Health. Inside outside. Improving mental health services for black and minority ethnic communities in England. London: Department of Health, 2003. (www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/01/94/52/ 04019452.pdf) 6 Breaking the circles of fear: a review of the relationship between mental health services and African and Caribbean communities. London: Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health, 2002. (www.scmh.org.uk/80256FBD004F6342/ vWeb/pcPCHN6FMJWA) 7 Odegaard O. Emigration and insanity. Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand Suppl 1932;4:1-206. 8 Sharpley M, Hutchinson G, McKenzie K, Murray RM. Understanding the excess of psychosis among the African-Caribbean population in England: review of current hypotheses. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 2001;40:s60-8. 9 Sashidharan S. Institutional racism in British psychiatry. Psychiatr Bull 2001;25:244-7. 10 Jablensky A. Epidemiology of schizophrenia. In: Gelder JL-I M, Andreasen N, eds. New Oxford textbook of psychiatry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000:592. 11 Jablensky A, Sartorius N, Cooper JE, Anker M, Korten A, Bertelsen A. Culture and schizophrenia. Criticisms of WHO studies are answered. Br J Psychiatry 1994;165:434-6. 12 Sartorius N, Jablensky A, Korten A, Ernberg G, Anker M, Cooper JE, et al. Early manifestations and first-contact incidence of schizophrenia in different cultures. A preliminary report on the initial evaluation phase of the WHO Collaborative Study on determinants of outcome of severe mental disorders. Psychol Med 1986;16:909-28. 13 Srinivasa Murthy R, Kishore Kumar KV, Chisholm D, Thomas T, Sekar K, Chandrashekari CR. Community outreach for untreated schizophrenia in rural India: a follow-up study of symptoms, disability, family burden and costs. Psychol Med 2005;35:341-51. 14 Sashidharan SP, Francis E. Racism in psychiatry necessitates reappraisal of general procedures and Eurocentric theories. BMJ 1999;319:254. 15 Fernando S. Mental health, race and culture. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001. 16 Van OS J, Castle DJ, Takei N, Der G, Murray RM. Psychotic illness in ethnic minorities: clarification from the 1991 census. Psychol Med 1996;26:203-8. 17 King M, Coker E, Leavey G, Hoare A, Johnson-Sabine E. Incidence of psychotic illness in London: comparison of ethnic groups. BMJ 1994;309:1115-9. 18 Bhugra D, Leff J, Mallett R, Der G, Corridan B, Rudge S. Incidence and outcome of schizophrenia in whites, African-Caribbeans and Asians in London. Psychol Med 1997;27:791-8. 19 Bhugra D, Bhui K. African-Caribbeans and schizophrenia: contributing factors. Advan Psychiatr Treat 2001;7:283-91. 20 Cantor-Graae E, Selten JP. Schizophrenia and migration: a meta-analysis and review. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:12-24. 21 Hjern A, Wicks S, Dalman C. Social adversity contributes to high morbidity in psychoses in immigrants—a national cohort study in two generations of Swedish residents. Psychol Med 2004;34:1025-33. 22 Wicks S, Hjern A, Gunnell D, Lewis G, Dalman C. Social adversity in childhood and the risk of developing psychosis: a national cohort study. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:1652-7. 23 Lewis G, Croft-Jeffreys C, David A. Are British psychiatrists racist? Br J Psychiatry 1990;157:410-5. 24 Minnis H, McMillan A, Gillies M, Smith S. Racial stereotyping: survey of psychiatrists in the United Kingdom. BMJ 2001;323:905-6. 25 Morgan C, Mallett R, Hutchinson G, Bagalkote H, Morgan K, Fearon P, et al. Pathways to care and ethnicity. 1: Sample characteristics and compulsory admission. Report from the AESOP study. Br J Psychiatry 2005;186:281-9. 26 Morgan C, Mallett R, Hutchinson G, Bagalkote H, Morgan K, Fearon P, et al. Pathways to care and ethnicity. 2: Source of referral and help-seeking. Report from the AESOP study. Br J Psychiatry 2005;186:290-6. 27 Cole E, Leavey G, King M, Johnson-Sabine E, Hoar A. Pathways to care for patients with a first episode of psychosis. A comparison of ethnic groups. Br J Psychiatry 1995;167:770-6. 28 Burnett R, Mallett R, Bhugra D, Hutchinson G, Der G, Leff J. The first contact of patients with schizophrenia with psychiatric services: social factors and pathways to care in a multi-ethnic population. Psychol Med 1999;29:475-83. 29 Sellwood W, Tarrier N. Demographic factors associated with extreme non-compliance in schizophrenia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1994;29:172-7. 30 Koffman J, Fulop NJ, Pashley D, Coleman K. Ethnicity and use of acute psychiatric beds: one-day survey in north and south Thames regions. Br J Psychiatry 1997;171:238-41. 31 Bhugra D, Bhui K. Racism in psychiatry: paradigm lost--paradigm regained. Int Rev Psychiatry 1999;11:236-43. 32 Singh SP. Ethnicity in psychiatric epidemiology: need for precision. Br J Psychiatry 1997;171:305-8.
URI: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/233

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