Bissonnette JM (2000) Mechanisms regulating hypoxic respiratory depression
during fetal and postnatal life. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp
Physiol 278:R1391–R1400.
Chau A, Koos BJ (1999) Metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses to hypoxia
in fetal sheep: adenosine receptor blockade.AmJ Physiol 276:R1805–R1811.
Dale N, Pearson T, Frenguelli BG (2000) Direct measurement of adenosine
release during hypoxia in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampal slice.
J Physiol (Lond) 526:143–155.
Dale N, Gourine AV, Llaudet E, Bulmer D, Thomas T, Spyer KM (2002)
Rapid adenosine release in the nucleus tractus solitarii during defence
response in rats: real-time measurement in vivo. J Physiol (Lond)
544:149 –160.
Daly M (1997) Peripheral arterial chemoreceptors and respiratorycardiovascular
integration. Physiological Society Monograph Number
46. Oxford: Oxford UP.
Duffin J, Ezure K, Lipski J (1995) Breathing rhythm generation: focus on the
rostral ventrolateral medulla. News Physiol Sci 10:133–140.
Feldman JL, Mitchell GS, Nattie EE (2003) Breathing: rhythmicity, plasticity,
chemosensitivity. Annu Rev Neurosci 26:239 –266.
Gonzalez C, Almaraz L, Obeso A, Rigual R (1994) Carotid body chemoreceptors:
from natural stimuli to sensory discharges. Physiol Rev
74:829–898.
Gourine AV, Llaudet E, Thomas T, Dale N, Spyer KM (2002) Adenosine
release in nucleus tractus solitarii does not appear to mediate hypoxiainduced
respiratory depression in rats. J Physiol (Lond) 544:161–170.
Gourine AV, Atkinson L, Deuchars J, Spyer KM (2003) Purinergic signalling
in the medullary mechanisms of respiratory control in the rat: respiratory
neurones express the P2X2 receptor subunit. J Physiol (Lond)
552:197–211.
Johansson B, Halldner L, Dunwiddie TV, Masino SA, Poelchen W, Gimenez-
Llort L, Escorihuela RM, Fernandez-Teruel A, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z, Xu
XJ, Hardemark A, Betsholtz C, Herlenius E, Fredholm BB (2001) Hyperalgesia,
anxiety, and decreased hypoxic neuroprotection in mice lacking
the adenosine A1 receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:9407–9412.
Kanjhan R, Housley GD, Burton LD, Christie DL, Kippenberger A, Thorne
PR, Luo L, Ryan AF (1999) Distribution of the P2X2 receptor subunit of
the ATP-gated ion channels in the rat central nervous system. J Comp
Neurol 407:11–32.
Llaudet E, Botting NP, Crayston JA, Dale N (2003) A three-enzyme microelectrode
sensor for detecting purine release from central nervous system.
Biosens Bioelectron 18:43–52.
Llaudet E, Droniou M, DaleN (2004) A new biosensor for the measurement
of extracellular ATP in the CNS. J Physiol (Lond) 555P:C20.
Lorier AR, Peebles K, Brosenitsch T, Robinson DM, Housley GD, Funk GD
(2004) P2 receptors modulate respiratory rhythm but do not contribute
to central CO2 sensitivity in vitro. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 142:27– 42.
North RA (2002) Molecular physiology of P2X receptors. Physiol Rev
82:1013–1067.
Paxinos G, Watson CH (1998) The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates.
London: Academic.
Prabhakar NR (2000) Oxygen sensing by the carotid body chemoreceptors.
J Appl Physiol 88:2287–2295.
Richter DW, SpyerKM (2001) Studying rhythmogenesis of breathing: comparison
of in vivo and in vitro models. Trends Neurosci 24:464–472.
Richter DW, Bischoff A, Anders K, Bellingham M, Windhorst U (1991) Response of the medullary respiratory network of the cat to hypoxia.
J Physiol (Lond) 443:231–256.
Richter DW, Schmidt-Garcon P, Pierrefische O, Bischoff AM, Lalley PM
(1999) Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators controlling the hypoxic
respiratory response in anaesthetised cats. J Physiol (Lond) 514:567–578.
Rong W, Gourine AV, Cockayne DA, Xiang Z, Ford AP, Spyer KM, Burnstock
G (2003) Pivotal role of nucleotide P2X2 receptor subunit of the ATPgated
ion channel mediating ventilatory responses to hypoxia. J Neurosci
23:11315–11321.
Runold M, Lagercrantz H, Prabhakar NR, Fredholm BB (1989) Role of adenosine
in hypoxic ventilatory depression. J Physiol (Lond) 67:541–546.
Schmidt C, Bellingham MC, RichterDW (1995) Adenosinergic modulation
of respiratory neurones and hypoxic responses in the anaesthetized cat.
J Physiol (Lond) 483:769 –781.
Spyer KM, Thomas T (2000) Sensing arterial CO2 levels: a role for medullary
P2X receptors. J Auton Nerv Syst 81:228 –235.
Spyer KM, Dale N, Gourine AV (2004) ATP is a key mediator of central and
peripheral chemosensory transduction. Exp Physiol 89:53–59.
Thomas T, Marshall JM (1994) Interdependence of respiratory and cardiovascular
changes induced by systemic hypoxia in the rat: the roles of
adenosine. J Physiol (Lond) 480:627– 636.
Thomas T, Spyer KM (2000) ATP as a mediator of mammalian central CO2
chemoreception. J Physiol (Lond) 523:441– 447.
Thomas T, Ralevic V, Gadd CA, Spyer KM (1999) Central CO2 chemoreception:
a mechanism involving P2 purinoceptors localized in the ventrolateral
medulla of the anaesthetized rat. J Physiol (Lond) 517:899 –905.
Thomas T, Ralevic V, Bardini M, Burnstock G, Spyer KM (2001) Evidence
for the involvement of purinergic signalling in the control of respiration.
Neuroscience 107:481– 490.
Yao ST, Barden JA, Finkelstein DI, Bennett MR, Lawrence AJ (2000) Comparative
study on the distribution patterns of P2X1-P2X6 receptor immunoreactivity
in the brainstem of the rat and the common marmoset (Callithrix
jacchus): association with catecholamine cell groups. J Comp
Neurol 427:485–507.
Yao ST, Gourine AV, Spyer KM, Barden JA, Lawrence AJ (2003) Localisation
of P2X2 receptor subunit immunoreactivity on nitric oxide synthase
expressing neurones in the brain stem and hypothalamus of the rat: a
fluorescence immunohistochemical study. Neuroscience 121:411– 419.