Rowlands, Sam. (2009) New technologies in contraception. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vol.116 (No.2). pp. 230-239. ISSN 1470-0328

Preview

PDF WRAP_Rowlands_NewtechnologiesincontraceptionBJOG2008_Uni_repos_version.pdf - Accepted Version - Requires a PDF viewer such as GSview, Xpdf or Adobe Acrobat Reader Download (186Kb)

Abstract

New technologies in both reversible contraception and sterilisation are described. The review includes recent advances in the development of oral contraception, emergency contraception, injectable contraception, vaginal rings, subdermal implants, transdermal contraception, intrauterine devices, spermicides and barrier methods. It also covers methods of transcervical female sterilisation and more easily reversible male sterilisation. The emphasis is on the technology and its safety and effectiveness. Hormonal delivery systems are described in some detail. Mention is also made of research into vaccines and male hormonal methods, where progress has been disappointing.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Subjects:	R Medicine > RG Gynecology and obstetrics
Divisions:	Faculty of Medicine > Warwick Medical School > Institute of Clinical Education (ICE) Faculty of Medicine > Warwick Medical School
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):	Contraception -- Technological innovations, Sterilization (Birth control) -- Technological innovations
Journal or Publication Title:	BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Publisher:	Blackwell Publishing
ISSN:	1470-0328
Date:	January 2009
Volume:	Vol.116
Number:	No.2
Number of Pages:	10
Page Range:	pp. 230-239
Identification Number:	10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01985.x
Status:	Peer Reviewed
Publication Status:	Published
Access rights to Published version:	Restricted or Subscription Access
References:	(1) Singh S, Darroch JE, Vlassoff M, Nadeau J. Adding it up: the benefits of investing in sexual and reproductive health care. New York: Guttmacher Institute/UNFPA; 2003. (2) World contraceptive use [http://www.un.org/esa/population/unpop.htm]. United Nations; 2008. (3) Lader D. Contraception and sexual health 2006/07. Newport: Office for National Statistics; 2007. (4) National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health. Long-acting reversible contraception (NICE guideline). London: RCOG [http://www.nice.org.uk]; 2005. (5) Trussell J. Contraceptive efficacy. In: Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL, Cates W, Stewart FH, Kowal D, editors. Contraceptive technology. 19th ed. New York: Ardent Media; 2007. 747-826. (6) Belfield T. Contraception: users' perspectives and determinants of choice. In: Glasier A, Wellings K, Critchley H, editors. Contraception and contraceptive use. London: RCOG Press; 2005. 78-87. (7) Heinemann K, Saad F, Wiesemes M, White S, Heinemann L. Attitudes toward male fertility control: results of a multinational survey on four continents. Hum Repro 2005; 20:549-556. (8) Glasier AF, Anakwe R, Everington D, Martin CW, van der Spuy Z, Cheng L et al. Would women trust their partners to use a male pill? Hum Repro 2000; 15:646-649. (9) Rowlands S. Newer progestogens. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2003; 29:13-16. (10) Sitruk-Ware R. New progestagens for contraceptive use. Human Reproduction Update 2006; 12:169-178. (11) Wiegratz I, Lee JH, Kutschera E, Winkler UH, Kuhl H. Effect of four oral contraceptives on hemostatic parameters. Contraception 2004; 70:97-106. (12) Endrikat J, Parke S, Trummer D, Schmidt W, Duijkers I, Klipping C. Ovulation inhibition with four variations of a four-phasic estradiol valerate/dienogest combined oral contraceptive: results of two prospective, randomized, open-label studies. Contraception 2008; 78:218-225. (13) Parke S, Makalova D, Ahrendt H-J, Mansour D. Bleeding patterns and cycle control with a novel four-phasic combined oral contraceptive containing estradiol valerate and dienogest. European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care 13 (Suppl 2), 94-95. 2008. Ref Type: Abstract (14) Visser M, Coelingh Bennink H. Estetrol: a new estrogen in the pill? European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care 13 (Suppl 2), 17. 2008. Ref Type: Abstract (15) Archer DF. Menstrual-cycle-related symptoms: a review of the rationale for continuous use of oral contraceptives. Contraception 2006; 74:359-366. (16) Miller L, Hughes JP. Continuous combination oral contraceptive pills to eliminate withdrawal bleeding: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 101:653-661. (17) Anderson FD, Gibbons W, Portman D. Long-term safety of an extended-cycle oral contraceptive (Seasonale): a 2-year multicenter open-label extension trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195:92-96. (18) Archer DF, Jensen JT, Johnson JV, Borisute H, Grubb GS, Constantine GD. Evaluation of a continuous regimen of levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol: phase 3 study results. Contraception 2006; 74:439-445. (19) Willis SA, Kuehl TJ, Spiekerman AM, Sulak PJ. Greater inhibition of the pituitary-ovarian axis in oral contraceptive regimens with a shortened hormone-free interval. Contraception 2006; 74:100-103. (20) Nakajima ST, Archer DF, Ellman H. Efficacy and safety of a new 24-day oral contraceptive regimen of norethindrone acetate 1 mg/ ethinyl estradiol 20 microg (Loestrin 24 Fe). Contraception 2007; 75:16-22. (21) Fenton C, Wellington K, Moen MD, Robinson DM. Drospirenone/ethinylestradiol 3mg/20microg (24/4 day regimen): a review of its use in contraception, premenstrual dysphoric disorder and moderate acne vulgaris. Drugs 2007; 67:1749-1765. (22) Lakha F, Ho PC, Van der Spuy ZM, Dada K, Elton R, Glasier AF et al. A novel estrogen-free oral contraceptive pill for women: multicentre, double-blind, randomized controlled trial of mifepristone and progestogen-only pill (levonorgestrel). Hum Repro 2007; 22:2428-2436. (23) Pei K, Xiao B, Jing X, Lu S, Wei L, Zhao H. Weekly contraception with mifepristone. Contraception 2007; 75:40-44. (24) Chabbert-Buffet N, Pintiaux-Kairis A, Bouchard P. Effects of the progesterone receptor modulator VA2914 in a continuous low dose on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and endometrium in normal women: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:3582-3589. (25) Den Tonkelaar I, Oddens BJ. Preferred frequency and characteristics of menstrual bleeding in relation to reproductive status, oral contraceptive use, and hormonal replacement therapy use. Contraception 1999; 59:357-362. (26) Glasier AF, Smith KB, Van der Spuy ZM, Ho PC, Cheng L, Dada K et al. Amenorrhoea associated with contraception: an international study on acceptability. Contraception 2003; 67:1-8. (27) Task Force on Postovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation. Comparison of three single doses of mifepristone as emergency contraception: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 353:697-702. (28) von Hertzen H, Piaggio G, Ding J, Chen J, Song S, Bártfai G et al. Low dose mifepristone and two regimens of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception: a WHO multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 360:1803-1810. (29) Creinin MD, Schlaff W, Archer DF, Wan L, Frezieres R, Thomas M et al. Progesterone receptor modulator for emergency contraception: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108:1089-1097. (30) Gemzell-Danielsson K, Marions L. Mechanisms of action of mifepristone and levonorgestrel when used for emergency contraception. Human Reproduction Update 2004; 10:341-348. (31) Novikova N, Weisberg E, Stanczyk FZ, Croxatto HB, Fraser IS. Effectiveness of levonorgestrel emergency contraception given before or after ovulation - a pilot study. Contraception 2007; 75:112-118. (32) Massai MR, Forcelledo ML, Brache V, Tejada AS, Salvatierra AM, Reyes MV et al. Does meloxicam increase the incidence of anovulation induced by single administration of levonorgestrel in emergency contraception? A pilot study. Hum Repro 2007; 22:434-439. (33) Pall M, Friden BE, Brannstrom M. Induction of delayed follicular rupture in the human by the selective COX-2 inhibitor rofecoxib: a randomized double-blind study. Hum Repro 2001; 16:1323-1328. (34) Kaunitz AM, Arias R, McClung M. Bone density recovery after depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injectable contraception use. Contraception 2008; 77:67-76. (35) Jain J, Jakimiuk AJ, Bode FR, Ross D, Kaunitz AM. Contraceptive efficacy and safety of DMPA-SC. Contraception 2004; 70:269-275. (36) Prabhakaran S. Self-administration of injectable contraceptives. Contraception 2008; 77:315-317. (37) Sang GW, Shao QX, Ge RS, Ge JL, Chen JK, Song S et al. A multicentred phase III comparative clinical trial of Mesigyna, Cyclofem and Injectable No. 1 given monthly by intramuscular injection to Chinese women 1. Contraceptive efficacy and side effects. Contraception 1995; 51:167-183. (38) Rahimy MH, Ryan KK. Lunelle monthly contraceptive injection (medroxyprogestone acetate and estradiol cypionate injectable suspension): assessment of return of ovulation after three monthly injections in surgically sterile women. Contraception 1999; 60:189-200. (39) Hall PE. New once-a-month injectable contraceptives, with particular reference to Cyclofem/Cyclo-Provera. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1998; 62 Suppl 1:S43-S56. (40) Stanwood NL, Eastwood K, Carletta A. Self-injection of monthly combined hormonal contraceptive. Contraception 2006; 73:53-55. (41) Sivin I, Mishell DR, Alvarez F, Brache V, Elomaa K, Lahteenmaki P et al. Contraceptive vaginal rings releasing Nestorone and ethinylestradiol: a 1-year dose-finding trial. Contraception 2005; 71:122-129. (42) Novák A, de la Loge C, Abetz L, van der Meulen EA. The combined contraceptive vaginal ring, NuvaRing: an international study of user acceptability. Contraception 2003; 67:187-194. (43) vanden Heuvel MW, van Bragt AJM, Alnabawy AKM, Kaptein MCJ. Comparison of ethinylestradiol pharmacokinetics in three hormonal contraceptive formulations: the vaginal ring, the transdermal patch and an oral contraceptive. Contraception 2005; 72:168-174. (44) Oddsson K, Leifels-Fischer B, de Melo NR, Wiel-Masson D, Benedetto C, Verhoeven CHJ et al. Efficacy and safety of a contraceptive vaginal ring (NuvaRing) compared with a combined oral contraceptive: a 1-year randomized trial. Contraception 2005; 71:176-182. (45) Ahrendt H-J, Nisand I, Bastianelli C, Gomez MA, Gemzell-Danielsson K, Urdl W et al. Efficacy, acceptability and tolerability of the combined contraceptive ring, NuvaRing, compared with an oral contraceptive containing 30 μg ethinyl estradiol and 3 mg of drospirenone. Contraception 2006; 74:451-457. (46) Bjarnadóttir RI, Tuppurainen M, Killick SR. Comparison of cycle control with a combined contraceptive vaginal ring and oral levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186:389-395. (47) Oddson K, Leifels-Fischer B, Wiel-Masson D, de Melo NR, Benedetto C, Verhoeven CH et al. Superior cycle control with a contraceptive vaginal ring compared with an oral contraceptive containing 30mcg ethinylestradiol and 150mcg levonorgestrel: a randomized trial. Hum Repro 2005; 20:557-562. (48) Roumen FJME, op ten Berg MMT, Hoomans EHM. The combined contraceptive ring (NuvaRing): first experience in daily clinical practice in the Netherlands. European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care 2006; 11:14-22. (49) Merki-Feld GS, Hund M. Clinical experience with NuvaRing in daily practice in Switzerland: cycle control and acceptability among women of all reproductive ages. European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care 2007; 12:240-247. (50) Massai R, Quinteros E, Reyes MV, Caviedes R, Zepeda A, Montero JC et al. Extended use of a progesterone-releasing vaginal ring in nursing women: a phase II clinical trial. Contraception 2005; 72:352-357. (51) Brache V, Mishell DR, Lahteenmaki P, Alvarez F, Elomaa K, Jackanicz T et al. Ovarian function during use of vaginal rings delivering three different doses of Nestorone®. Contraception 2001; 63:257-261. (52) Croxatto HB, Brache V, Massai R, Alvarez F, Forcelledo ML, Pavez M et al. Feasibility study of Nestorone-ethinylestradiol vaginal contraceptive ring for emergency contraception. Contraception 2006; 73:46-52. (53) Sivin I, Campodonico I, Kiriwat O, Holma P, Diaz S, Wan L et al. The performance of levonorgestrel rod and Norplant contraceptive implants: a 5 year randomized study. Hum Repro 1998; 13:3371-3378. (54) Newton J, Newton P. Implanon® - the single-rod subdermal contraceptive implant. J Drug Eval 2003; 1:181-218. (55) Sivin I, Croxatto H, Bahamondes L, Brache V, Alvarez F, Massai R et al. Two-year performance of a nestorone-releasing contraceptive implant: a three-center study of 300 women. Contraception 2004; 69:137-144. (56) Barbosa IC, Maia H, Coutinho E, Lopes R, Lopes AC, Noronha C et al. Effects of a single silastic contraceptive implant containing nomegestrol acetate (Uniplant) on endometrial morphology and ovarian function for 1 year. Contraception 2006; 74:492-497. (57) Darney PD, Klaisle CM, Monroe SE, Cook CE, Phillips NR, Schindler A. Evaluation of a 1-year levonorgestrel-releasing contraceptive implant: side effects, release rates and biodegradability. Fertil Steril 1992; 58:137-143. (58) Raymond EG, Singh M, Archer DF, Saxena BB, Baker J, Cole D. Contraceptive efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety of Annuelle biodegradable norethindrone pellet implants. Fertil Steril 1996; 66:954-961. (59) Audet MC, Moreau M, Koltun WD, Waldbaum AS, Shangold G, Fisher AC et al. Evaluation of contraceptive efficacy and cycle control of a transdermal contraceptive patch vs an oral contraceptive: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001; 285:2347-2354. (60) Zieman M, Guillebaud J, Weisberg E, Shangold GA, Fisher AC, Creasy GW. Contraceptive efficacy and cycle control with the Ortho Evra™/Evra™ transdermal system: the analysis of pooled data. Fertil Steril 2002; 77 (Suppl 2):S13-S18. (61) Heger-Mahn D, Warlimont C, Faustmann T, Gerlinger C, Klipping C. Combined ethinylestradiol/gestodene contraceptive patch: two-center, open-label study of ovulation inhibition, acceptability and safety over two cycles in female volunteers. European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care 2004; 9:173-181. (62) Sitruk-Ware R, Small M, Kumar N, Tsong YY, Sundaram K, Jackanicz T. Nestorone: clinical applications for contraception and HRT. Steroids 2003; 68:907-913. (63) Fraser IS, Weisberg E, Kumar N, Kumar S, Humberstone AJ, McCrossin L et al. An initial pharmacokinetic study with a metered dose transdermal system for the delivery of the progestogen nestorone as a possible future contraceptive. Contraception 2007; 76:432-438. (64) Clinical Effectiveness Unit. Intrauterine contraception. 2nd ed. London: Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare [http://www.fsrh.org]; 2007. (65) Sivin I. Utility and drawbacks of continuous use of a copper T IUD for 20 years. Contraception 2007; 75:S70-S75. (66) Kulier R, O'Brien P, Helmerhorst F, Usher-Patel M, d'Arcangues C. Copper containing, framed intra-uterine devices for contraception. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2007; 4: CD005347. (67) UNDP, UNFPA, WHO Special Programmes of Research DaRTiHR, World Bank: IUD Research Group. The TCu 380A IUD and the frameless IUD "the FlexiGard": interim three-year data from an international multicenter trial. Contraception 1995; 52:77-83. (68) Wildemeersch D, Janssens D, Vrijens M, Weyers S. Ease of insertion, contraceptive efficacy and safety of new T-shaped levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Contraception 2005; 71:465-469. (69) Wildemeersch D, Schacht E, Wildemeersch P. Contraception and treatment in the perimenopause with a novel "frameless" intrauterine levonorgestrel-releasing drug delivery system: an extended pilot study. Contraception 2002; 66:93-99. (70) Batár I. State-of-the-art of intrauterine contraception. European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care 2006; 11:262-269. (71) Anonymous. WHO/CONRAD technical consultation on nonoxynol-9. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2002. (72) Hillier SL, Moench T, Shattock R, Black R, Reichelderfer P, Veronese F. In vitro and in vivo: the story of nonoxynol 9. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 39:1-8. (73) Mauck CK, Weiner DH, Creinin MD, Barnhart KT, Callahan MM, Bax R. A randomized Phase I vaginal safety study of three concentrations of C31G vs. extra strength Gynol II. Contraception 2004; 70:233-240. (74) van der Wijgert JHHM, Shattock RJ. Vaginal microbicides: moving ahead after an unexpected setback. AIDS 2007; 21:2369-2376. (75) Amaral E, Perdigao A, Souza MH, Mauck C, Waller D, Zaneveld L et al. Vaginal safety after use of a bioadhesive acid-buffering, microbicidal contraceptive gel (ACIDFORM) and a 2% nonoxynol-9 product. Contraception 2006; 73:542-547. (76) Mauck CK, Weiner DH, Ballagh SA, Creinin MD, Archer DF, Schwartz JL et al. Single and multiple exposure tolerance study of polystyrene sulfonate gel: a phase I safety and colposcopy study. Contraception 2004; 70:77-83. (77) Trottier S, Omar RF, Désormeaux A, Drouin J, Gagnon M-T, Vezina F et al. Safety, tolerance and acceptability of the Invisible Condom® and its vaginal applicator in healthy women and their sexual partners. Contraception 2007; 76:117-125. (78) Barnhart KT, Rosenberg MJ, MacKay HT, Blithe DL, Higgins J, Walsh T et al. Contraceptive efficacy of a novel spermicidal microbicide used with a diaphragm: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110:577-586. (79) Brache V, Croxatto H, Sitruk-Ware R, Maguire R, Montero JC, Kumar N et al. Effect of a single vaginal administration of levonorgestrel in Carraguard® gel on the ovulatory process: a potential candidate for "dual protection" emergency contraception. Contraception 2007; 76:111-116. (80) Gallo MF, Grimes DA, Lopez LM, Schulz KF. Non-latex versus latex male condoms for contraception. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2006; (1): CD003550. (81) Beksinska M, Smit J, Mabude Z, Vijayakumar G, Joanis C. Performance of the Reality® polyurethane female condom and a synthetic latex prototype: a randomized crossover trial among South African women. Contraception 2006; 73:386-393.
URI:	http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/28852

Data sourced from Thomson Reuters' Web of Knowledge

Request changes to a record

Actions (login required)

View Item