Model
surveys in Unger, R.W. (2004) Beer in the
Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania
Press (focusing on economic and organizational
aspects) and Clark, P. (1983) The
English Alehouse: A Social History 1200-
1830. Harlow: Longman (retailing and
consumption).
2. Vries, J. de (1984) European
Urbanization 1500-1800. London: Methuen,
esp. p.36.
3. Blockmans, W. and Genet, J.-P. (eds)
(1995-2000) The Origins of the Modern State
in Europe. 7 vols., Oxford: Oxford University
Press; Cameron, E. (1992) The European
Reformation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4. Crosby, A.W. (2003) The Columbian
Exchange: Biological and Cultural
Consequences of 1492. 30th edn, Westport:
Praeger; Porter, R. (1990) The
Enlightenment. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
5. Bennett, J.M. (1996) Ale, Beer and
Brewsters in England: Women's Work in a
Changing World 1300-1600. Oxford: Oxford
University Press; Musgrave, P. (1999) The
Early Modern European Economy.
Basingstoke: Palgrave; Wrightson, K. (1981)
'Alehouses, order and reformation in rural
England 1590-1660', in Yeo, S. and E. (eds),
Popular Culture and Class Conflict 1590-
1914. Brighton: Harvester, pp.1-27.
6. Holt, M. (2006) 'Europe Divided: Wine,
Beer, and the Reformation in Sixteenth-
Century Europe', in idem (ed.), Alcohol: A
Social and Cultural History. Oxford: Berg,
pp.25-40.
7. Tlusty, B.A. (1998), 'Water of life, water of
death: the controversy over brandy and gin in
early modern Augsburg', in Central European
History 31, pp.1-30; Ellis, M. (2004) The
Coffee House: A Cultural History. London:
Phoenix.
8. Unger, R.W. (2004) op. cit., chapter 12;
an extreme case in Snow, G.E. (2002), 'Drink
houses in early modern Russia', in Kümin, B.
and Tlusty, B.A. (eds), The World of the
Tavern: Public Houses in Early Modern
Europe. Aldershot: Ashgate, pp.191-204.
9. Porter, R. (1985) 'The drinking man's
disease: The "pre-history" of alcoholism in
Georgian Britain', in British Journal of
Addiction 80, pp.385-96.
10. Clark, P. (1983) op. cit., p.263.
11. Bogner, J. (1971) 'Die Taferne, Mühle
und Badersölde in Erdweg', in Amperland 7,
pp.124-130.
12. Kümin, B. (2007) Drinking Matters:
Public Houses and Social Exchange in Early
Modern Central Europe. Basingstoke:
Palgrave, pp.29-31.
13. Munich, Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv,
GR 1551/2, no. 2, part 3, folder 6.
14. Unger, R.W. (2004) op. cit., pp.218-9
(general trend); for details on the rotation
system see Lindenau, K. (2008) Brauen und
herrschen: Die Görlitzer Braubürger als
städtische Elite in Spätmittelalter und Früher
Neuzeit. Leipzig: Leipzig Universitätsverlag,
esp. Part IV: 'Der Blick in dis Brauhof'.
15. Tlusty, B.A. (2001) Bacchus and Civic
Order: The Culture of Drink in Early Modern
Germany. Charlottesville, VA: University
Press of Virginia, chapter 7: 'Drinking and
Gender Identity'.
16. Range of individual figures: Unger, R.W.
(2004) op. cit., pp.128-9; estimates of typical
consumption e.g. in Sandgruber, R. (1982)
Die Anfänge der Konsumgesellschaft:
Konsumgüterverbrauch, Lebensstandard und
Alltagskultur in Österreich im 18. und 19.
Jahrhundert. Munich: Oldenbourg, pp.182-9.
17. Even at the end of the early modern
period, excise records for the Swiss Republic
of Bern record very modest beer sales, esp.
in the countryside. In 1788, the collector of
one district accounted for 166 times as much
wine as beer: State Archives of Bern, B VIII
595.
18. Wrightson, K. and Levine, D. (1995)
Poverty and Piety in an English Village:
Terling 1525-1700. 2nd edn, Oxford:
Clarendon, p.135 (brewing as a typical
income source for the poor); Behringer, W.
(1997) Die Spaten-Brauerei 1397-1997: Die
Geschichte eines Münchner Unternehmens
vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart. Munich:
Piper, pp.48-57 (early professionalization).
19. Taylor, J. (1637) Drinke and welcome: or
the famous historie of the most part of drinks.
London; see also the contributions on
'politicised drink' in Smyth, A. (ed.) (2004) A
Pleasing Sinne: Drink and Conviviality in
Seventeenth-Century England. Woodbridge:
Boydell and Brewer.