Working paper issued October 2006; revised 8 August 2007.

Aldcroft, Derek H., The development of British industry and foreign competition,
1875-1914: Studies in industrial enterprise, London: George Allen and Unwin, 1968.
Anderson, James E., �A Theoretical Foundation for the Gravity Equation,� American
Economic Review, 1979, 69 (1), 106�116.
and Eric van Wincoop, �Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle,�
American Economic Review, March 2003, 93 (1), 170�192.
and , �Trade Costs,� Journal of Economic Literature, September 2004, 42, 691�751.
Baier, Scott L. and Jeffrey H. Bergstrand, �The Growth of World Trade: Tariffs,
Transport Costs, and Income Similarity,� Journal of International Economics, 2001, 53,
1�27.
Board of Trade, Statistical Abstract for the United Kingdom, London: HMSO, various years.
Broda, Christian M. and David E.Weinstein, �Globalization and the Gains from
Variety,� Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2006, 121, 541�585.
Clemens, Michael and Jeffrey G. Williamson, �Wealth Bias in the First Global Capital
Market Boom,� Economic Journal, April 2004, 114, 304�337.
Degrève, Daniel, Le Commerce Extérieur de la Belgique, 1830-1913-1939, Présentation
Critique des Données Statistiques 1982.
Direction générale des douanes, Tableau général du commerce de la France avec ses
colonies et les puissances étrangères, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, various years.
Eaton, Jonathan and Samuel Kortum, �Technology, Geography and Trade,�
Econometrica, 2002, 70 (5), 1741�1779.
Estevadeordal, Antoni, Brian Frantz, and Alan M. Taylor, �The Rise and Fall of
World Trade, 1870-1939,� Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2003, 118, 359�407.
Evenett, Simon J. and Wolfgang Keller, �On Theories Explaining the Success of the
Gravity Equation,� Journal of Political Economy, 2002, 110 (2), 281�316.
Federico, Giovanni and Karl Gunnar Persson, �Market Integration and Convergence in
the World Wheat Market, 1800-2000,� in Kevin H. O�Rourke Tim Hatton and Alan M.
Taylor, eds., The New Comparative Economic History: Essays in Honor of Jeffrey G.
Williamson, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007, pp. 87�114.
Flandreau, Marc and Mathilde Maurel, �Monetary Union, Trade Integration and
Business Fluctuations in 19th Century Europe: Just Do It,� Working Paper 3087, CEPR
November 2001.
Frieden, Jeffry A., Global Capitalism: Its Fall and Rise in the Twentieth Century, New
York: W.W. Norton, 2006.
Harley, C. Knick, �Ocean Freight Rates and Productivity, 1740-1913,� Journal of Economic
History, 1988, 48, 851�876.
Irwin, Douglas A., �Explaining America�s Surge in Manufactured Exports, 1880-1913,�
Review of Economics and Statistics, May 2003, 82 (2), 364�376.
Jacks, David S., �Intra- and International Commodity Market Integration in the Atlantic
Economy, 1800-1913,� Explorations in Economic History, 2005, 42.
, �What Drove Nineteenth Century Commodity Market Integration?,� Explorations in
Economic History, 2006, 42 (3), 383�412.
James, Harold, The End of Globalization, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Krugman, Paul, �Scale Economies, Product Differentiation and the Pattern of Trade,�
American Economic review, 1980, 70, 950�959.
López-Córdova, J. Ernesto and Christopher M. Meissner, �Exchange Rate Regimes
and International Trade: Evidence from the Classical Gold Standard Era,� American
Economic Review, 2003, 93 (1), 344�353.
Maddison, Angus, Monitoring the World Economy 1820-1992, Paris: Development Centre,
OECD, 1995.
Meissner, Christopher M., �A New World Order: Explaining the International Diffusion of
the Gold Standard, 1870-1913,� Journal of International Economics, 2005, 66 (2), 385�406.
Mitchell, Brian R., International Historical Statistics. Africa, Asia & Oceania 1750-1988,
New York: Stockton Press, 2003a.
, International Historical Statistics. Europe 1750-1988, New York: Stockton Press, 2003b.
, International Historical Statistics. The Americas 1750-1988, New York: Stockton Press, 2003c.
Mitchener, Kris J. and Marc Weidenmier, �Trade and Empire,� 2007. Mimeo, Santa
Clara University.
Novy, Dennis, �Is the Iceberg Melting Less Quickly? International Trade Costs After World
War II,� Mimeo. University of Warwick, 2007.
Obstfeld, Maurice and Alan M. Taylor, Global Capital Markets: Integration, Crisis and
Growth, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
and Kenneth Rogoff, �Exchange Rate Dynamics Redux,� Journal of Political Economy,
1995, 103, 624�606.
and , �The Six Major Puzzles in International Macroeconomics: Is There a Common
Cause?,� in Ben S. Bernanke and Kenneth Rogoff, eds., NBER Macroeconomics Annual,
Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000.
Officer, Lawrence H. and Samuel H. Williamson, Purchasing Power of Money in the
United States from 1774 to 2006, 2007. Downloaded from http://MeasuringWorth.com.
O�Rourke, Kevin H. and Jeffrey G. Williamson, �Late Nineteenth-Century
Anglo-American Factor-Price Convergence: Were Heckscher and Ohlin Right?,� Journal of
Economic History, December 1994, 54 (4), 892�916.
and , Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic
Economy, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: The MIT Press, 1999.
and Ronald Findlay, �Commodity Market Integration, 1500-2000,� in Alan M. Taylor
Michael D. Bordo and Jeffrey G. Williamson, eds., Globalization in Historical Perspective,
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2003, chapter 1, pp. 13�62.
Ritzmann-Blickenstorfer, H., Statistique Historique de la Suisse, Zurich: Chronos, 1996.
Samuelson, Paul, �The Transfer Problem and Transport Costs: Analysis of Effects of Trade
Impediments,� Economic Journal, 1954, 64, 264�289.
Saul, S.B., Studies in British Overseas Trade, 1870-1914, Liverpool: Liverpool University
Press, 1967.
Sessional Papers, Trade of the British Empire and foreign competition: despatch from Mr
Chamberlain to the Governors of the Colonies and the High Commissioner of Cyprus and
the replies thereto, Vol. lx of Parliamentary Papers, HMSO, 1897.
Shah Mohammed, S. I. and Williamson, Jeffrey G., �Freight Rates and Productivity
Gains in British Tramp Shipping, 1869-1950,� Explorations in Economic History, 2004, 41,
172�203.
Stockman, Alan C. and Linda Tesar, �Tastes and Technology in a Two-Country Model
of the Business Cycle: Explaining International Comovements,� American Economic
Review, 1995, 85 (1), 168�185.
United States Department of Commerce, Statistical abstract of the United States: The
National Data Book, Washington: US Government Printing Office, various years.
Whalley, John and Xian Xin, �Regionalization, Changes in Home Bias, and the Growth
of World Trade,� Working Paper 13023, National Bureau of Economic Research April 2007.
Williamson, Jeffrey G., �Explaining World Tariffs, 1870-1913: Stolper-Samuelson,
Strategic Tariffs, and State Revenues,� in H. Lindgren R. Findlay, H. Henriksson and
M. Lundhal, eds., Eli Heckscher, International Trade, and Economic History, Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press, 2006, pp. 199�228.