Lockley, Tim (2011) Black and white relations. In: The Routledge history of slavery. Routledge Histories . Routledge, London, pp. 248-264. ISBN 9780415466899

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Abstract

The roughly ten million Africans transported forcibly to the Americas between 1500 and 1850 were thrust headlong into a bewildering variety of different environments. Some cleared the jungles of South America, others grew sugar on small Caribbean islands, while a smaller number laboured in rice fields and tobacco farms or on the wharves of ports on the North American mainland. In all of these locations enslaved Africans added to a pre-existing mix of Native Americans, immigrant Europeans and their descendants. Enslaved Africans were never completely isolated from these other populations though in several Caribbean islands and in the coastal regions of South Carolina and Georgia nine out of ten individuals were enslaved.

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