Maylor, Elizabeth A. and Mo, Andrew. (1999) Effects of study-test modality on false recognition. British Journal of Psychology, Vol.90 (No.4). pp. 477-493. ISSN 0007-1269

Full text not available from this repository.

Abstract

Many recent investigations of false memories have generally followed Roediger & McDermott (1995) in using auditory presentation at study and a visual recognition test; the results reveal high rates of false alarms to non-studied lure words that are associatively related to studied words. We presented lists of words related to critical lure words either auditorially (A) or visually (V); recognition was tested either auditorially or visually, producing four study-test conditions (AA, AV, VA, and VV). The false recognition rate for critical lures was higher following visual presentation (.76) than following auditory presentation (.35). Moreover, false recognition rates were higher when study and test modalities differed than when they matched (AV higher than AA; VA higher than VV). Correct recognition rate was actually exceeded by false recognition rate following visual presentation, whereas the reverse was the case following auditory presentation. For each word recognized as old (whether correctly or falsely), a remember know guess judgment was required. The proportion of words that were consciously recollected (i.e. remembered) was not significantly lower for false recognitions than for correct recognitions in any of the four conditions. It is concluded that false recognition can be reduced by factors that enhance correct recognition (auditory rather than visual presentation at study; same rather than different modality at study and at test), but when false recognition occurs, the subjective experience of remembering may be indistinguishable from correct recognition, regardless of study-test modality.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Subjects:	B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BF Psychology
Divisions:	Faculty of Science > Psychology
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):	Recognition (Psychology), Human information processing, False memory syndrome -- Testing, Visual perception, Auditory perception
Journal or Publication Title:	British Journal of Psychology
Publisher:	John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
ISSN:	0007-1269
Date:	November 1999
Volume:	Vol.90
Number:	No.4
Page Range:	pp. 477-493
Identification Number:	10.1348/000712699161567
Status:	Peer Reviewed
References:	Ayers, M. S. & Reder, L. M. (1998). A theoretical review of the misinformation effect: Predictions from an activation-based memory model. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 5, 121. Challis, B. H., Chiu, C.-Y., Kerr, S. A., Law, J., Schneider, L., Yonelinas, A. & Tulving, E. (1993). Perceptual and conceptual cueing in implicit and explicit retrieval. Memory, 1, 127-151. Chase, W. G. & Calfee, R. C. (1969). Modality and similarity effects in short-term recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, 510-514. Conway, M. A. & Gathercole, S. E. (1987). Modality and long-term memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 26, 341-361. Deese, J. (1959). On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 17-22. Donaldson, W. (1996). The role of decision processes in remembering and knowing. Memory and Cognition, 24, 523-533. Gallo, D. A., Roberts, M. J. & Seamon, J. M. (1997). Remembering words not presented in lists: Can we avoid creating false memories ? Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 4, 271-276. Gardiner, J. M. (1983). On recency and echoic memory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 302, 267-282. Gardiner, J. M. (1988). Functional aspects of recollective experience. Memory and Cognition, 16, 309-313. Gardiner, J.M. & Gregg, V.H. (1997). Recognition memory with little or no remembering: Implications for a detection model. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 4, 474-479. Gardiner, J. M., Java, R. I. & Richardson-Klavehn, A. (1996). How level of processing really influences awareness in recognition memory. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 50, 114-122. Gathercole, S. E. & Conway, M. A. (1988). Exploring long-term modality effects: Vocalization leads to best retention. Memory and Cognition, 16, 110-119. Glenberg, A. M. & Swanson, N. G. (1986). A temporal distinctiveness theory of recency and modality effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12, 3-15. Gregg, V. H. & Gardiner, J. M. (1991). Components of conscious awareness in a long-term modality effect. British Journal of Psychology, 82, 153-162. Gregg, V. H. & Gardiner, J. M. (1994). Recognition memory and awareness: A large effect of studytest modalities on 'know' responses following a highly perceptual orienting task. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 6, 131-147. Hashtroudi, S., Ferguson, S.A., Rappold, V.A. & Chrosniak, L.D. (1988). Data-driven and conceptually driven processes in partial-word identification and recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12, 749-757. Hirshman, E. & Master, S. (1997). Modeling the conscious correlates of recognition memory: Reflections on the remember-know paradigm. Memory and Cognition, 25, 345-351. Inoue, C. & Bellezza, F. (1998). The detection model of recognition using know and remember judgments. Memory and Cognition, 26, 299-308. Israel, L. & Schacter, D. L. (1997). Pictorial encoding reduces false recognition of semantic associates. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 4, 577-581. Jacoby, L.L. & Dallas, M. (1981). On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 110, 306-340. Johnson, M. K., Hashtroudi, S. & Lindsay, D. S. (1993). Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 3-28. Kirsner, K. (1974). Modality differences in recognition memory for words and their attributes. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, 579-584. Kirsner, K. & Craik, F. I. M. (1971). Naming and decision processes in short-term recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 88, 149-157. Mather, M., Henkel, L. A. & Johnson, M. K. (1997). Evaluating characteristics of false memories: Remember/know judgments and memory characteristics questionnaire compared. Memory and Cognition, 25, 826-837. McDermott, K. B. (1996). The persistence of false memories in list recall. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 212-230. McDermott, K. B. & Roediger, H. L., III (1998). Attempting to avoid illusory memories: Robust false recognition of associates persists under conditions of explicit warnings and immediate testing. Journal of Memory and Language, 39, 508-520. Norman, K. A. & Schacter, D. L. (1997). False recognition in younger and older adults: Exploring the characteristics of illusory memories. Memory and Cognition, 25, 838-848. Payne, D. G., Elie, C. J., Blackwell, J. M. & Neuschatz, J. S. (1996). Memory illusions: Recalling, recognizing, and recollecting events that never occurred. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 261-285. Penney, C. G. (1989). Modality effects and the structure of short-term verbal memory. Memory and Cognition, 17, 398-422. Rajaram, S. (1993). Remembering and knowing: Two means of access to the personal past. Memory and Cognition, 21, 89-102. Read, J. D. (1996). From a passing thought to a false memory in 2 minutes: Confusing real and illusory events. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 3, 105-111. Robinson, K.J. & Roediger, H.L., III (1997). Associative processes in false recall and false recognition. Psychological Science, 8, 231-237. Roediger, H. L., III (1996). Memory illusions. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 76-100. Roediger, H. L., III & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 803-814. Roediger, H. L., III, McDermott, K. B. & Robinson, K. J. (1998). The role of associative processes in creating false memories. In M. A. Conway, S. E. Gathercole & Cornoldi, C. (Eds), Theories of memory, vol. II, pp. 187-245. Hove: Psychology Press. Russell, W. A. & Jenkins, J. J. (1954). The complete Minnesota norms for responses to 100 words from the Kent-Rosanoff Word Association Test (Technical Report No. 11, Contract N8 ONR 66216, Office of Naval Research). University of Minnesota. Schacter, D. L. (1995). Memory distortion: History and current status. In D. L. Schacter, J. T. Coyle, G. D. Fischbach, M. M. Mesulam & L. E. Sullivan (Eds), Memory distortion: How minds, brains and societies reconstruct the past, pp. 1-43. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Schacter, D. L., Israel, L. & Racine, C. (1999). Suppressing false recognition in younger and older adults: The distinctiveness heuristic. Journal of Memory and Language, 40, 1-24. Schacter, D. L., Verfaellie, M., Aries, M. D. & Racine, C. (1998). When true recognition suppresses false recognition: Evidence from amnesic patients. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 668-679. Schacter, D. L., Verfaellie, M. & Pradere, D. (1996). The neuropsychology of memory illusions: False recall and recognition in amnesic patients. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 319-334. Seamon, J. G., Luo, C. R. & Gallo, D. A. (1998). Creating false memories of words with or without recognition of list items: Evidence for nonconscious processes. Psychological Science, 9, 20-26. Smith, R. E. & Hunt, R. R. (1998). Presentation modality affects false memory. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, S, 710-715. Tulving, E. (1983). Elements of episodic memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychologist, 26, 1-12. Tulving, E. & Thomson, D.M. (1973). Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80, 352-373. Tun, P. A., Wingfield, A., Rosen, M. J. & Blanchard, L. (1998). Response latencies for false memories: Gist-based processes in normal aging. Psychology and Aging, 13, 230-241. Tussing, A. A. & Greene, R. L. (1997). False recognition of associates: How robust is the effect? Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 4, 572-576. Underwood, B.J. (1965). False recognition produced by implicit verbal responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70, 122-129.
URI:	http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/35837

Request changes to a record

Actions (login required)

View Item