[1] Reuther GW, Der CJ: The Ras branch of small GTPases: Ras family members don't fall
far from the tree. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2000;12:157-165.
[2] Vargiu P, Morte B, Manzano J, Perez J, de Abajo R, Gregor Sutcliffe J, Bernal J:
Thyroid hormone regulation of rhes, a novel Ras homolog gene expressed in the
striatum. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2001;94:1–8.
[3] Kemppainen RJ, Behrend EN: Dexamethasone rapidly induces a novel Ras superfamily
member-related gene in AtT-20 cells. J Biol Chem 1998;273:3129–3131.
[4] Krupnick JG, Benovic JL: The role of receptor kinases and arrestins in G proteincoupled
receptor regulation. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1998;38:289-319.
[5] De Vries L, Zheng B, Fischer T, Elenko E, Farquhar MG: The regulator of G protein
signalling family. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2000;40:235-271.
[6] Ross EM, Wilkie TM: GTPase-activating proteins for heterotrimeric G proteins:
Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) and RGS-like proteins. Annu Rev Biochem
2000;69:795-827.
[7] Lanier SM: AGS proteins, GPR motifs and the signals processed by heterotrimeric G
proteins. Biol Cell 2004;96:369-372.
Hill et al. Page 23
[8] Blumer JB, Cismowski MJ, Sato M, Lanier SM: AGS proteins: receptor-independent
activators of G-protein signalling. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2005;26:470-476.
[9] Hamploez B, Knoblich JA: Heterotrimeric G proteins: new tricks for an old dog. Cell
2004;119:453-456.
[10] Cismowski MJ, Takesono A, Ma C, Lizano JS, Xie X, Fuernkranz H, Lanier SM, Duzic
E: Genetic screens in yeast to identify mammalian nonreceptor modulators of G-protein
signalling. Nat Biotechnol 1999;17:878-883.
[11] Cismowski MJ, Ma C, Ribas C, Xie X, Spruyt M, Lizano JS, Lanier SM, Duzic E:
Activation of heterotrimeric G protein signaling by a Ras-related protein. J Biol Chem
2000;275:23421-23424.
[12] Graham TE, Key TA, Kilpatrick K, Dorin RI: Dexras1/AGS-1, a steroid hormoneinduced
guanosine triphosphate-binding protein, inhibits 30,50-cyclic adenosine
monophosphate-stimulated secretion in AtT20 corticotroph cells. Endocrinology
2001;142:2631–2640.
[13] Graham TE, Oiao Z, Dorin RI: Dexras1 inhibits adenylyl cyclise. Biochem Biophys Res
Commun 2004;316:307-312.
[14] Graham TE, Prossnitz ER, Dorin RI: Dexras1/AGS-1 inhibits signal; transduction from
the Gi-coupled formyl peptide receptor to Erk1/2 MAP kinases. J Biol Chem
2002;277:10876-10882.
Hill et al. Page 24
[15] Nguyen CH, Watts VJ: Dexras1 blocks receptor-mediated heterologous sensitization of
adenylyl cyclase 1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;332:913-920.
[16] Takesono A, Nowak MW, Cismowski M, Duzic E, Lanier SM: Activator of G-protein
signaling-1 blocks GIRK channel activation by a G-protein-coupled receptor. J Biol
Chem 2002;277:13827-13830.
[17] Hiskens R, Vatish M, Hill C, Davey J, Ladds G: Specific in vivo binding of activator of
G protein signalling 1 to the Gβ1 subunit. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;337:
1038-1046.
[18] Vargiu P, De Abajo R, Garcia-Ranea JA, Valencia A, Santisteban P, Crespo P, Bernal J:
The small GTP-binding protein, Rhes, regulates signal transduction from G proteincoupled
receptors. Oncogene 2004;23:559-568.
[19] Agretti P, De Marco G, Pinchera A, Vitti P, Bernal J, Tonacchera M: Ras homolog
enriched in striatum inhibits the functional activity of wild type thyrotropin, folliclestimulating
hormone, luteinizing hormone receptors and activating thyrotropin receptor
mutations by altering their expression in COS-7 cells. J Endocrinol Invest 2007;30:279-
284.
[20] Errico F, Santini E, Migliarini S, Borgkvist A, Centonze D, Nasti V, Carta M, De
Chiara V, Prosperetti C, Spano D, Herve D, Pasqualetti M, Di Lauro R, Fisone G,
Hill et al. Page 25
Usiello A: The GTP-binding protein Rhes modulates dopamine signalling in striatal
medium spiny neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2008;37:335-245.
[21] Li B, Fields S: Identification of mutations in p53 that affect its binding to SV40 T
antigen by using the yeast two-hybrid system. FASEB J 1993;7:957-963.
[22] Goddard A, Ladds G, Forfar R, Davey J: Identification of Gnr1p, a negative regulator of
Gα signalling in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and its complementation by human Gβ
subunits. Fungal Genet Biol 2006;43:840-851.
[23] Yan K, Kalyanaraman V, Gautam N: Differential ability to form the G protein βγ
complex among members of the βand γ subunit families. J Biol Chem 1996;271:7141–
7146.
[24] Wall MA, Coleman DE, Lee E, Iniguez-Lluhi JA, Posner BA, Gilman AG, Sprang SR:
The structure of the G protein heterotrimer Giα1β1γ2. Cell 1995;83:1047–1058.
[25] Lambright DG, Sondek J, Bohm A, Skiba NP, Hamm HE, Sigler PB: The 2.0 Å crystal
structure of a heterotrimeric G protein. Nature 1996;379:311–319.
[26] Sondek J, Bohm A, Lambright DG, Hamm HE, Sigler PB: Crystal structure of a Gprotein
βγ dimer at 2.1 Å resolution. Nature 1996;379:369–374.
Hill et al. Page 26
[27] Fang M, Jaffrey SR, Sawa A, Ye K, Luo X, Snyder SH: Dexras1: a G protein
specifically coupled to neuronal nitric oxide synthase via CAPON. Neuron
2000;28:183–193.
[28] Clapham DE, Neer EJ: G protein βγ subunits, Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol
1997;37:167-203.
[29] Albsoul-Younes AM, Sternweis PM, Zhao P, Nakata H, Nakajima S, Nakajima Y,
Kozasa T: Interaction sites of the G protein β subunit with brain G protein-coupled
inward rectifier K+ channel, J Biol Chem 2001;276:12712–12717.
[30] Zhao Q, Kawano T, Nakata H, Nakajima Y, Nakajima S, Kozasa T: Interaction of G
protein β subunit with inward rectifier K+ channel Kir3. Mol Pharmacol 2001;64:1085–
1091.
[31] Wedegaertner PB, Wilson PT, Bourne HR: Lipid modifications of trimeric G proteins, J
Biol Chem 1995;270:503-506.
[32] Resh MD: Fatty acylation of proteins: new insights into membrane targeting of
myristoylated and palmitoylated proteins. Biochem Biophys Acta 1999;1451:1-16.
[33] Marrari Y, Crouthamel M, Irannejad R, Wedegaertner PB: Assembly and trafficking of
heterotrimeric G proteins. Biochemistry 2007;46:7665-7677.
Hill et al. Page 27
[34] Evanko DS, Thiyagarajan MM, Wedegaertner PB: Interaction with Gβγ is required for
membrane targeting and palmitoylation of Gαs and Gαq. J Biol Chem 2000;275:1327-
1336.
[35] Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG: The ClustalX
windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality
analysis tools. Nucl Acids Res 1997;24:4876-4882.
[36] Corpet F: Multiple sequence alignment with hierarchical clustering. Nucl. Acids Res
1998;16:10881–10890.