Skip to content Skip to navigation
University of Warwick
  • Study
  • |
  • Research
  • |
  • Business
  • |
  • Alumni
  • |
  • News
  • |
  • About

University of Warwick
Publications service & WRAP

Highlight your research

  • WRAP
    • Home
    • Search WRAP
    • Browse by Warwick Author
    • Browse WRAP by Year
    • Browse WRAP by Subject
    • Browse WRAP by Department
    • Browse WRAP by Funder
    • Browse Theses by Department
  • Publications Service
    • Home
    • Search Publications Service
    • Browse by Warwick Author
    • Browse Publications service by Year
    • Browse Publications service by Subject
    • Browse Publications service by Department
    • Browse Publications service by Funder
  • Statistics
  • Help & Advice
University of Warwick

The Library

  • Login

Developing medical professionalism in future doctors : a systematic review

Tools
- Tools
+ Tools

Passi, Vimmi, Doug, Manjo, Peile, Ed, Thistlethwaite, Jill and Johnson, N. (Neil). (2010) Developing medical professionalism in future doctors : a systematic review. International Journal of Medical Education, Vol.1 . pp. 19-29. ISSN 20426372

[img]
Preview
PDF
WRAP_Johnson_developing-medical-professionalism-in-future-doctors.pdf - Published Version - Requires a PDF viewer such as GSview, Xpdf or Adobe Acrobat Reader

Download (249Kb)
Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4bda.ca2a

Abstract

Objectives: There are currently no guidelines on the most effective ways of supporting medical students to develop high standards of medical professionalism. The aim of this review is to summarise the evidence currently available on methods used by medical schools to promote medical professionalism. Methods: We performed a systematic search of electronic databases (Medline, PsychInfo, British Education Index, Educational Resources Information Centre, Sociological Abstracts and Topics in Medical Education) from January 1998 to October 2008. Outcomes studied were methods used to support and promote the development of professionalism in medical students. Results: We identified 134 papers and five main themes for supporting the development of professionalism in medical students: curriculum design, student selection, teaching and learning methods, role modelling and assessment methods. However, the level of empirical evidence supporting each of these methods is limited. Conclusions: Identification of these five areas helps medical schools to focus the emphasis of their approaches to developing professionalism and identifies future research areas. This review offers a preliminary guide to future discovery and progress in the area of medical professionalism.

Item Type: Journal Article
Subjects: R Medicine > R Medicine (General)
Divisions: Faculty of Medicine > Warwick Medical School
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): Medicine -- Study and teaching, Medical ethics
Journal or Publication Title: International Journal of Medical Education
Publisher: International Journal of Medical Education
ISSN: 20426372
Date: 2010
Volume: Vol.1
Page Range: pp. 19-29
Identification Number: 10.5116/ijme.4bda.ca2a
Status: Peer Reviewed
Access rights to Published version: Open Access
References: 1. Irvine D. The Doctor’s Tale. Oxford: Radcliffe Medical Press; 2003. 2. Hilton SR, Slotnik HB. Proto-professionalism: how professionalization occurs across the continuum of medical education. Med Educ. 2005; 39:58-65. 3. Stephenson A, Higgs R, Sugarman J. Teaching profes-sional development in medical schools. Lancet. 2001;35: 867-870. 4. General Medical Council. Good Medical Practice. Lon-don: General Medical Council; 2006. 5. General Medical Council. Tomorrow’s Doctors: out-comes and standards for undergraduate medical education. London: General Medical Council; 2009. 6. American Board of Internal Medicine. Project Profes-sionalism. Philadelphia: ABIM; 1995. 7. Thistlethwaite JE, Spencer J. Professionalism in Medicine. Oxford: Radcliffe Medical Press; 2008. 8. Project of ABIM Foundation, ACP-ASIM Foundation and European Federation of Internal Medicine. Medical professionalism in the new millennium: a physician charter. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:243-6. 9. Royal College of Physicians. Doctors in society: Medical professionalism in a changing world. Report of a Working Party of the RCP. London: Royal College of Physicians; 2005. 10. Martimianakis MA, Maniate JM, Hodges BD. Sociologi-cal interpretations of professionalism. Med Educ. 2009;43:829-837. 11. Huddle TS. Teaching professionalism: is medical morality a competency? Acad Med. 2005;80:885-891. 12. Fryer-Edwards K, Eaton EV, Goldstein MD, Kimball HR, Veith RC, Pellegrini CA, Ramsey PG. Overcoming institutional challenges through continuous professionalism improvement: The University of Washington experience. Acad Med. 2007;82:1073-1078. 13. Goldie J. Integrating professionalism teaching into undergraduate medical education in the UK setting. Med Teach. 2008;30:513-527. 14. Archer R, Elder W, Hustedde C, Milam A, Joyce J. The theory of planned behaviour in medical education: A model for integrating professionalism training. Med Educ. 2008;42:771-777. 15. Cohen JJ. Professionalism in medical education, an American perspective: from evidence to accountability. Med Educ. 2006;40:607-617. 16. Barry D, Cyran E, Anderson RJ. Common issues in medical professionalism: room to grow. Am J Med. 2000; 108:136-142. 17. Brainard AH, Brislen HC. Viewpoint: learning profes-sionalism: a view from the trenches. Acad Med. 2007;82: 1010-1014. 18. Brater DC. Viewpoint: infusing professionalism into a school of medicine: perspectives from the dean. Acad Med. 2007;82:1094-1097. 19. Christianson CE, McBride RB, Vari RC, Olsen L, Wilson HD. From traditional to patient-centered learning: Curricu-lum change as an intervention for changing institutional culture and promoting professionalism in undergraduate medical education. Acad Med. 2007;82:1079-1088. 20. Cohen JJ. Viewpoint: linking professionalism to human-ism: what it means and why it matters. Acad Med. 2007;82:1029-1032. 21. Cruess RL, Cruess SR, Johnson SE. Professionalism and medicine’s social contract. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;82:1189-1194. 22. Cruess RL, Cruess SR, Johnston SE. Renewing profes-sionalism: an opportunity for medicine. Acad Med. 1999;74:878-884. 23. Cruess SR, Cruess RL. Understanding medical profes-sionalism: a plea for an inclusive and integrated approach. Med Educ. 2008;42:755-757. 24. Humphrey HJ, Smith K, Reddy S, Scott D, Madara JL, Arora VM. Promoting an environment of professionalism: the University of Chicago Roadmap. Acad Med. 2007;82:1098-1107. 25. Hilgers J, De Roos P, Rigby E. European core curricu-lum- the students’ perspective, Bristol, UK, 10 July 2006. Med Teach. 2007;29:270-275. 26. Jha V, Becker HL, Duffy SG, Roberts TE. Perceptions of professionalism in medicine: a qualitative study. Med Educ. 2006;40:1027-1036. 27. Kinghorn WA, McEvoy MD, Michel A, Balboni M. Professionalism in modern medicine: does the emperor have any clothes. Acad Med. 2007;82: 40-45. 28. Mann KV, Ruedy J, Millar N, Andreou P. Achievement of non cognitive goals of undergraduate medical education: perceptions of medical students, residents, faculty and other health professionals. Med Educ. 2005;39:40-48. 29. Parker M, Luke H, Zhang J, Wilkinson D, Peterson R, Ozolins I. The pyramid of professionalism: seven years of experience with an integrated program of teaching, devel-oping and assessing professionalism among medical stu-dents. Acad Med. 2008;83:733-741. 30. Shrank WH, Reed VA, Jernstedt GC. Fostering profes-sionalism in medical education: a call for improved assess-ment and meaningful incentives. J Gen Int Med. 2004; 19: 887-892. 31. Sivalingam N. Teaching and learning of professionalism in medical schools. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2004;33:706-710. 32. Smith KL, Saavedra R, Raeke JL, O’Donell A. The journey to creating a campus-wide culture of professional-ism. Acad Med. 2007;82:1015-1021. 33. Steinert Y, Cruess RL, Cruess SR, Boudreau JD, Fuks A. Faculty development as an instrument of change: a case study on teaching professionalism. Acad Med. 2007;82:1057-1064. 34. Stewart RW, Barker AR, Shochet RB, Wright SM. The new and improved learning community at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine resembles that at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Med Teach. 2007;29:353-357. 35. Swick HM. Professionalism: a key to weathering the storm. Obstet & Gynecol. 2001;98:156-161. 36. Swick HM. Toward a normative definition of medical professionalism. Acad Med. 2000;75:612-616. 37. Tsai TC, Lin CH, Harasym PH, Violato C. Students' perception on medical professionalism: The psychometric perspective. Med Teach. 2007;29:128-134. 38. Wasserstein AG, Brennan PJ, Rubenstein AH. Institu-tional leadership and faculty response: fostering profession-alism at the University of Pennsylvania School Of Medicine. Acad Med. 2007;82:1049-1056. 39. Wear D, Castellani B. The development of professional-ism: Curriculum Matters. Acad Med. 2000;75:602-11. 40. Albanese MA, Snow MH, Skochelak SE, Huggett KN, Farrell PM. Assessing personal qualities in medical school admissions. Acad Med. 2003;78:313-321. 41. Bore M, Munro D, Kerridge I, Powis D. Selection of medical students according to their moral orientation. Med Edu. 2005;39:266-275. 42. Chamberlain SE, Searle J. Assessing suitability for a problem-based learning curriculum: evaluating a new student selection instrument. Med Educ. 2005;39:250-257. 43. Knights JA, Kennedy BJ. Medical school selection: Screening for dysfunctional tendencies. Med Educ. 2006;40:1058-1064. 44. Lumsden MA, Bore M, Millar K, Jack R, Powis D. Assessment of personal qualities in relation to admission to medical school. Med Educ. 2005;39:258-265. 45. Morrison J. How to choose tomorrow's doctors. Med Educ. 2005;39:240-242. 46. Morrison J. Professional behaviour in medical students and fitness to practice. Med Educ. 2008;42:118-120. 47. Papadakis MA, Teherani A, Banach MA, Knettler TR, Rattner SL, Stern DT et al. Disciplinary action by medical boards and prior behavior in medical school. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2673-2682. 48. Parry J, Mathers J, Stevens A, Parsons A, Lilford R, Spurgeon P et al. Admissions processes for five year medical courses at English schools. BMJ. 2006;332:1005-1009. 49. Andre J, Brody H, Fleck L, Thomason CL, Tomlinson T. Ethics, professionalism, and humanities at Michigan State University College of Human Medicine. Acad Med. 2003:10: 968-972. 50. Baernstein A, Fryer-Edwards K. Promoting reflection on professionalism: a comparison trial of educational interventions for medical students. Acad Med. 2003;78:742-747. 51. Benbassat J, Baumal R. What is empathy, and how can it be promoted during clinical clerkships? Acad Med. 2004; 79:832-839. 52. Ber R, Alroy G. Teaching professionalism with the aid of trigger films. Med Teach. 2002;24:528-531. 53. Branch WT. Teaching Respect for Patients. Acad Med. 2006;81:463-467. 54. Buyx AM, Maxwell B, Schone-Seifert B. Challenges of educating for medical professionalism: who should step up to the line? Med Educ. 2008;42:758-764. 55. Cordingley L, Hyde C, Peters S, Vernon B, Bundy C. Undergraduate medical students' exposure to clinical ethics: A challenge to the development of professional behaviours? Med Educ. 2007;41:1202-1209. 56. Duff P. Teaching and assessing professionalism in medicine. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104:1362-1366. 57. Fishbein RH. Professionalism and 'the master clinician'--an early learning experience. J Eval Clin Pract. 2000;6:241-243. 58. Ginsburg S, Regehr G, Lingard L. The disavowed curriculum: understanding student's reasoning in profes-sionally challenging situations. J Gen Intern Med. 2003;18:1015-1022. 59. Goldie J, Dowie A, Cotton P, Morrison J. Teaching professionalism in the early years of a medical curriculum: a qualitative study. Med Educ. 2007;41:610-617. 60. Goldie J, Schwartz L, McConnachie A, Morrison J. Students' attitudes and potential behaviour with regard to whistle blowing as they pass through a modern medical curriculum. Med Educ. 2003;37:368-375. 61. Goldie J, Schwartz L, McConnachie A, Morrison J. The impact of a modern medical curriculum on students' proposed behaviour on meeting ethical dilemmas. Med Educ. 2004;38:942-949. 62. Gordon J. Fostering students' personal and professional development in medicine: a new framework for PPD. Med Educ. 2003;37:341-349. 63. Hatem CJ. Teaching approaches that reflect and pro-mote professionalism. Acad Med. 2003;78:709-13. 64. Henderson E, Berlin A, Freeman G, Fuller J. Twelve tips for promoting significant event analysis to enhance reflec-tion in undergraduate medical students. Med Teach. 2002;2:121-123. 65. Hesketh EA, Bagnall G, Buckley EG, Friedman M, Goodall E, Harden RM et al. A framework for developing excellence as a clinical educator. Med Educ. 2001;35:555-564. 66. Hickson GB, Pichert JW, Webb LE, Gabbe SG. A complementary approach to promoting professionalism: identifying, measuring, and addressing unprofessional behaviors. Acad Med. 2007;82:1040-1048. 67. Hilton S, Southgate L. Professionalism in medical education. Teaching and Teacher Education. 2007;23: 265-279. 68. Howe A. Professional development in undergraduate medical curricula--the key to the door of a new culture? Med Educ. 2002;36:353-359. 69. Kalet AL, Sanger J, Chase J, Keller A, Schwartz MD, Fishman ML et al. Promoting professionalism through an online professional development portfolio: successes, joys, and frustrations. Acad Med. 2007;82:1065-1072. 70. Kao A, Lim M, Spevick J, Barzansky B. Teaching and evaluating students' professionalism in US medical schools, 2002-2003. JAMA. 2003;290:1151-1152. 71. Kenyon CF, Brown JB. Mission statement day: the impact on medical students of an early exercise in profes-sionalism. Med Teach. 2007;29:606-610. 72. Martin J, Lloyd M, Singh S. Professional attitudes: can they be taught and assessed in medical education? Clin Med. 2002;2:217-223. 73. Mattick K, Bligh J. Undergraduate ethics teaching: revisiting the Consensus Statement. Med Educ. 2006; 4:329-332. 74. Causley G, Williams EMI, Taylor DCM. Junior medical students' notions of a 'good doctor' and related expectations: a mixed methods study. Med Educ. 2007;41:476-486. 75. Mel KA. What is happening to bedside clinical teaching? Med Educ. 2002;36:1185-1188. 76. Norman GR, Wenghofer E, Klass D. Predicting doctor performance outcomes of curriculum interventions: prob-lem-based learning and continuing competence. Med Educ. 2008;42:794-799. 77. Preez RR, Pickworth GE, Van RM. Teaching profession-alism: a South African perspective. Med Teach.2007;e284-291. 78. Robins LS, Braddock CH, Fryer-Edwards KA. Using the American Board of Internal Medicine's "elements of profes-sionalism" for undergraduate ethics education. Acad Med. 2002;6:523-531. 79. Rucker L, Shapiro J. Becoming a physician: students' creative projects in a third-year IM clerkship. Acad Med. 2003;78:391-397. 80. Scavenius M, Schmidt S, Klazinga N. Genesis of the professional-patient relationship in early practical experi-ence: qualitative and quantitative study. Med Educ. 2006;10:1037-1044. 81. Shapiro J, Morrison E, Boker J. Teaching empathy to first year medical students: evaluation of an elective litera-ture and medicine course. Educ Health. 2004;17:73-84. 82. Spencer J. Teaching about professionalism. Med Educ. 2003;37:288-289. 83. Stark P, Roberts C, Newble D, Bax N. Discovering professionalism through guided reflection. Med Teach. 2006;28:e25-31. 84. Stark P. Teaching and learning in the clinical setting: a qualitative study of the perceptions of students and teach-ers. Med Educ. 2003;11:975-982. 85. Stephenson AE, Adshead LE, Higgs RH. The teaching of professional attitudes within UK medical schools: Reported difficulties and good practice. Med Educ. 2006;11:1072-1080. 86. Swick HM, Szenas P, Danoff D, Whitcomb ME. Teach-ing professionalism in undergraduate medical education. JAMA. 1999;282:830-832. 87. Woloschuk W, Harasym PH, Temple W. Attitude change during medical school: A cohort study. Med Educ. 2004;38: 522-534. 88. Kenny NP, Mann KV, MacLeod H. Role modeling in physicians' professional formation: reconsidering an essen tial but untapped educational strategy. Acad Med. 2003;78:1203-1210. 89. Wright SM, Kern DE, Kolodner K, Howard DM, Brancati FL. Attributes of excellent attending-physician role models. New Eng J Med. 1998;339:1986-1993. 90. Cruess SR, Cruess RL, Steinert Y. Role modelling-making the most of a powerful teaching strategy. BMJ. 2008; 336:718-721. 91. Hafferty FW. Beyond curriculum reform: confronting medicine's hidden curriculum. Acad Med. 1998;73:403-07. 92. Paice E, Heard S, Moss F. How important are role models in making good doctors? BMJ. 2002;325:707-710. 93. Weissmann PF, Branch WT, Gracey CF, Haidet P, Frankel RM. Role modeling humanistic behavior: learning bedside manner from the experts. Acad Med. 2006;81: 661-667. 94. Sutkin G, Wagner E, Harris I, Schiffer R. What makes a good clinical teacher in medicine? A review of the literature. Acad Med. 2008;83:452-466. 95. Wright SM, Carrese JA. Serving as a physician role model for a diverse population of medical learners. Acad Med. 2003;78:623-628. 96. Yazigi A, Nasr M, Sleilaty G, Nemr E. Clinical teachers as role models: perceptions of interns and residents in a Lebanese medical school. Med Educ. 2006;40:654-661. 97. Wright S, Wong A, Newill C. The impact of role models on medical students. J Gen Int Med.1997;12:53-56. 98. D'Eon M, Lear N, Turner M, Jones C. Perils of the hidden curriculum revisited. Med Teach. 2007;29:295-296. 99. Glicken AD, Merenstein GB. Addressing the hidden curriculum: understanding educator professionalism. Med Teach. 2007;29:54-57. 100. Hafferty FW, Franks R. The hidden curriculum, ethics teaching, and the structure of medical education. Acad Med. 1994;69:861-871. 101. Swick HM. Viewpoint: Professionalism and humanism beyond the academic health center. Acad Med. 2007;82:1022-1028. 102. Hafferty FW. What medical students know about professionalism. Mt Sinai J Med 2002; 69:385-397. 103. Jones WS, Hanson JL, Longacre JL. An intentional modeling process to teach professional behavior: students' clinical observations of preceptors. Teach Learn Med. 2004;16:264-269. 104. Kahn MW. Etiquette-based medicine. NEJM. 2008; 358:1988-1989. 105. Lempp H, Seale C. The hidden curriculum in under-graduate medical education: qualitative study of medical students' perceptions of teaching. BMJ. 2004;7469:770-773. 106. Lindemann J, Soule D. Teaching professionalism to medical students: a faculty guide. The Journal of the South Dakota State Medical Association. 2006;59:203-205. 107. Arnold EL, Blank LL, Race KE, Cipparrone N. Can professionalism be measured? The development of a scale for use in the medical environment. Acad Med. 1998;73:1119-1121. 108. Arnold L, Shue CK, Kalishman S, Prislin M, Pohl C, Pohl H et al. Can there be a single system for peer assess ment of professionalism among medical students? A multi- institutional study. Acad Med. 2007;82:578-586. 109. Arnold L, Shue CK, Kritt B, Ginsburg S, Stern DT. Medical students' views on peer assessment of professional ism. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20:819-824. 110. Arnold L. Assessing professional behavior: yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Acad Med. 2002;77:502-515.
URI: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/36475

Request changes to a record

Actions (login required)

View Item View Item

Document Downloads

More statistics for this item...
twitter

Email us: publications@warwick.ac.uk
Contact Details
About Us