[1] Hogarth C A 1951 Nature 167 521–522
[2] Porch A, Morgan D V, Perks R M, Jones M O and Edwards P P 2004 J. Appl. Phys. 95 4734–4737
[3] Porch A, Morgan D V, Perks R M, Jones M O and Edwards P P 2004 J. App. Phys. 96 4211–4218
[4] Tiwari A N, Khrypunov G, Kurdzesau F, Btzner D L, Romeo A and Zogg H 2004 Progress in
Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 12 33–38
[5] Chae G S 2001 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 40 1282–1286
[6] Hamberg I and Granqvist C G 1986 J. Appl. Phys. 60 R123–R160
[7] Granqvist C G and Hultker A 2002 Thin Solid Films 411 1–5
[8] Azens A and Granqvist C 2003 J. Solid State Electrochem. 7 64–68
[9] Ponce F A and Bour D P 1997 Nature 386 351–359
[10] Wu J, Walukiewicz W, Yu K M, Shan W, Ager III J W, Haller E E, Lu H, Schaff W J, Metzger
W K and Kurtz S 2003 J. Appl. Phys. 94 6477–6482
[11] Schubert E F and Kim J K 2005 Science 308 1274–1278
[12] Wu J 2009 J. Appl. Phys. 106 011101
[13] Service R F 2010 Science 327 1598–1599
[14] Minami T 2005 Semicond. Sci. Technol. 20 S35–S44
[15] Theis T N and Solomon P M 2010 Science 327 1600–1601
[16] Thomas G 1997 Nature 389 907–908
[17] Wager J F 2003 Science 300 1245–1246
[18] Ramirez A P 2007 Science 315 1377–1378
[19] Heber J 2009 Nature 459 28–30
[20] Takagi H and Hwang H Y 2010 Science 327 1601–1602
[21] Mannhart J and Schlom D G 2010 Science 327 1607–1611
[22] Ohta H and Hosono H 2004 Materials Today 7 42–51
[23] Nomura K, Ohta H, Ueda K, Kamiya T, Hirano M and Hosono H 2003 Science 300 1269–1272
[24] Jeong J K, Jeong J H, Yang H W, Park J S, Mo Y G and Kim H D 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91
113505
[25] Kim G H, Ahn B D, Shin H S, Jeong W H, Kim H J and Kim H J 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94
233501
[26] Tsukazaki A, Ohtomo A, Kita T, Ohno Y, Ohno H and Kawasaki M 2007 Science 315 1388–1391
[27] Tsukazaki A, Akasaka S, Nakahara K, Ohno Y, Ohno H, Maryenko D, Ohtomo A and Kawasaki
M 2010 Nature Mater. 9 889–893 ISSN 1476-1122
[28] von Klitzing K 1986 Rev. Mod. Phys. 58 519–531
[29] von Klitzing K, Dorda G and Pepper M 1980 Phys. Rev. Lett. 45 494–497
[30] Schlom D G and Pfeiffer L N 2010 Nature Mater. 9 881–883 ISSN 1476-1122
[31] Ohtomo A and Hwang H Y 2004 Nature 427 423–426
[32] Brinkman A, Huijben M, van Zalk M, Huijben J, Zeitler U, Maan J C, van der Wiel W G,
Rijnders G, Blank D H A and Hilgenkamp H 2007 Nature Mater. 6 493–496 ISSN 1476-1122
[33] Reyren N, Thiel S, Caviglia A D, Kourkoutis L F, Hammerl G, Richter C, Schneider C W, Kopp
T, Ruetschi A S, Jaccard D, Gabay M, Muller D A, Triscone J M and Mannhart J 2007 Science
317 1196–1199
[34] Bourlange A, Payne D J, Egdell R G, Foord J S, Edwards P P, Jones M O, Schertel A, Dobson
P J and Hutchison J L 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 092117
[35] White M E, Tsai M Y, Wu F and Speck J S 2008 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26 1300–1307
[36] Bourlange A, Payne D, Palgrave R, Foord J, Egdell R, Jacobs R, Schertel A, Hutchison J and
Dobson P 2009 Thin Solid Films 517 4286–4294
[37] Jalan B, Moetakef P and Stemmer S 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 95 032906
[38] Jalan B, Engel-Herbert R, Wright N J and Stemmer S 2009 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 27 461–464
[39] Son J, Moetakef P, Jalan B, Bierwagen O, Wright N J, Engel-Herbert R and Stemmer S 2010
Nature Mater. 9 482–484
[40] Bierwagen O and Speck J S 2010 J. Appl. Phys. 107 113519
[41] Samson S and Fonstad C G 1973 J. Appl. Phys. 44 4618–4621
[42] Godby R W, Schl¨uter M and Sham L J 1986 Phys. Rev. Lett. 56 2415–2418
[43] Hine N D M, Frensch K, Foulkes W M C and Finnis M W 2009 Phys. Rev. B 79 024112
[44] Lany S and Zunger A 2009 Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 17 084002
[45] Lany S and Zunger A 2008 Phys. Rev. B 78 235104
[46] McCluskey M D and Jokela S J 2009 J. Appl. Phys. 106 071101
[47] Evans S M, Giles N C, Halliburton L E and Kappers L A 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 103 043710
[48] Vlasenko L S and Watkins G D 2005 Phys. Rev. B 71 125210
[49] Janotti A and de Walle C G V 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 122102
[50] Tuomisto F, Saarinen K, Look D C and Farlow G C 2005 Phys. Rev. B 72 085206
[51] Janotti A and Van de Walle C G 2007 Phys. Rev. B 76 165202
[52] Lee W J, Kang J and Chang K J 2006 Phys. Rev. B 73 024117
[53] Lany S and Zunger A 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 045501
[54] Erhart P, Albe K and Klein A 2006 Phys. Rev. B 73 205203
[55] Selim F A, Weber M H, Solodovnikov D and Lynn K G 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 085502
[56] Kılı¸c C¸ and Zunger A 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 095501
[57] Singh A K, Janotti A, Scheffler M and de Walle C G V 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 055502
[58] Limpijumnong S, Reunchan P, Janotti A and Van de Walle C G 2009 Phys. Rev. B 80 193202
[59] Varley J B, Weber J R, Janotti A and de Walle C G V 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 142106
[60] de Wit J H W 1975 J. Solid State Chem. 13 192–200
[61] de Wit J H W 1977 J. Solid State Chem. 20 143–148
[62] Mizusaki J, Koinuma H, Shimoyama J I, Kawasaki M and Fueki K 1990 J. Solid State Chem. 88
443–450
[63] King P D C, Veal T D, Jefferson P H, Z´u˜niga-P´erez J, Mu˜noz-Sanjos´e V and McConville C F
2009 Phys. Rev. B 79 035203
[64] Speaks D T, Mayer M A, Yu K M, Mao S S, Haller E E and Walukiewicz W 2010 J. Appl. Phys.
107 113706 (pages 5)
[65] Zubiaga A, Tuomisto F, Coleman V A, Tan H H, Jagadish C, Koike K, Sasa S, Inoue M and
Yano M 2008 Phys. Rev. B 78 035125
[66] Kr¨oger F A 1974 The Chemistry of Imperfect Crystals (Amsterdam: North-Holland)
[67] Tomlins G W, Routbort J L and Mason T O 2000 J. Appl. Phys. 87 117–123
[68] Godinho K G, Walsh A and Watson G W 2009 J. Phys. Chem. C 113 439–448
[69] Look D C, Hemsky J W and Sizelove J R 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 2552–2555
[70] Erhart P and Albe K 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 201918
[71] Vlasenko L S and Watkins G D 2005 Phys. Rev. B 72 035203
[72] Tuomisto F, Ranki V, Saarinen K and Look D C 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 205502
[73] Kim Y S and Park C H 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 086403
[74] Tang L M, Wang L L, Wang D, Liu J Z and Chen K Q 2010 J. Appl. Phys. 107 083704
[75] Look D C, Farlow G C, Reunchan P, Limpijumnong S, Zhang S B and Nordlund K 2005 Phys.
Rev. Lett. 95 225502
[76] Zhang S B, Wei S H and Zunger A 2001 Phys. Rev. B 63 075205
[77] Lany S and Zunger A 2005 Phys. Rev. B 72 035215
[78] Pankove J I and Johnson N M 1991 Semiconductors and Semimetals Vol. 34, Hydrogen in
Semiconductors (Boston: Academic)
[79] Van de Walle C G and Neugebauer J 2003 Nature 423 626–628
[80] Pavesi L and Giannozzi P 1992 Phys. Rev. B 46 4621–4629
[81] Thomas D G and Lander J J 1956 J. Chem. Phys. 25 1136–1142
[82] Van de Walle C G 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 1012–1015
[83] Janotti A and Van de Walle C G 2007 Nature Mater. 6 44–47
[84] Cox S F J, Davis E A, Cottrell S P, King P J C, Lord J S, Gil J M, Alberto H V, Vil˜ao R C,
Piroto Duarte J, Ayres de Campos N, Weidinger A, Lichti R L and Irvine S J C 2001 Phys.
Rev. Lett. 86 2601–2604
[85] Cox S F J 2009 Rep. Prog. Phys. 72 116501
[86] Kreitzman S R, Hitti B, Lichti R L, Estle T L and Chow K H 1995 Phys. Rev. B 51 13117–13137
[87] Lichti R L, Bani-Salameh H N, Carroll B R, Chow K H, Hitti B and Kreitzman S R 2007 Phys.
Rev. B 76 045221
[88] Hofmann D M, Hofstaetter A, Leiter F, Zhou H, Henecker F, Meyer B K, Orlinskii S B, Schmidt
J and Baranov P G 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 045504
[89] Shimomura K, Nishiyama K and Kadono R 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 255505
[90] Lavrov E V, Weber J, B¨orrnert F, Van de Walle C G and Helbig R 2002 Phys. Rev. B 66 165205
[91] Seager C H and Myers S M 2003 J. APpl. Phys. 94 2888–2894
[92] Jokela S J, McCluskey M D and Lynn K G 2003 Physica B 340-342 221–224
[93] Lavrov E V, B¨orrnert F and Weber J 2005 Phys. Rev. B 71 035205
[94] Lavrov E V, B¨orrnert F and Weber J 2005 Phys. Rev. B 72 085212
[95] Jokela S J and McCluskey M D 2005 Phys. Rev. B 72 113201
[96] Shi G A, Stavola M, Pearton S J, Thieme M, Lavrov E V and Weber J 2005 Phys. Rev. B 72
195211
[97] Lavrov E V, Herklotz F and Weber J 2009 Phys. Rev. B 79 165210
[98] Lavrov E V, Herklotz F and Weber J 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 185502
[99] Chen L-Y, Chen W-H, Wang J-J, Hong F C-N 2004 Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 5628
[100] Sagar P, Kumar M, and Mehra R M 2005 Thin Solid Films 489 94
[101] Kim D-H, Lee S-H, Lee G-H, Kim H-B, Kim K H, Lee Y-G, and Yu T-H 2010 J. Appl. Phys.
108 023520
[102] King P D C, Lichti R L, Celebi Y G, Gil J M, ao R C V, Alberto H V, Duarte J P, Payne D J,
Egdell R G, McKenzie I, McConville C F, Cox S F J and Veal T D 2009 Phys. Rev. B 80
081201(R)
[103] Cox S F J, Lord J S, Cottrell S P, Gil J M, Alberto H V, Keren A, Prabhakaran D, Scheuermann
R and Stoykov A 2006 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 18 1061–1078
[104] King P D C, McKenzie I and Veal T D 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 96 062110
[105] Dakhel A A 2008 Semicond. Sci. Technol. 23 055017
[106] Hlaing Oo W M, Tabatabaei S, McCluskey M D, Varley J B, Janotti A and Van de Walle C G
2010 Phys. Rev. B 82 193201
[107] Koida T, Fujiwara H and Kondo M 2007 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46 L685–L687
[108] Koida T, Fujiwara H and Kondo M 2009 Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 93 851–854
[109] Kılı¸c C¸ and Zunger A 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 73–75
[110] Xiong K, Robertson J and Clark S J 2007 J. Appl. Phys. 102 083710
[111] Ip K, Overberg M E, Heo Y W, Norton D P, Pearton S J, Stutz C E, Luo B, Ren F, Look D C
and Zavada J M 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 385–387
[112] Wardle M G, Goss J P and Briddon P R 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 205504
[113] Limpijumnong S and Van de Walle C G 2001 Phys. Stat. Sol. B 228 303–307
[114] Davis E A, Cox S F J, Lichti R L and Van de Walle C G 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 592–594
[115] Wu J, Walukiewicz W, Li S X, Armitage R, Ho J C, Weber E R, Haller E E, Lu H, Schaff W J,
Barcz A and Jakiela R 2004 Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 2805–2807
[116] Gallinat C S, Koblm¨uller G, Brown J S, Bernardis S, Speck J S, Chern G D, Readinger E D,
Shen H and Wraback M 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 032109
[117] Losurdo M, Giangregorio M M, Bruno G, Kim T H, Choi S, Brown A S, Pettinari G, Capizzi M
and Polimeni A 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 081917
[118] Pettinari G, Masia F, Capizzi M, Polimeni A, Losurdo M, Bruno G, Kim T H, Choi S, Brown A,
Lebedev V, Cimalla V and Ambacher O 2008 Phys. Rev. B 77 125207
[119] Janotti A and Van de Walle C G 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 032104
[120] King P D C, Veal T D and McConville C F 2009 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 21 174201
[121] Gallinat C S, Koblm¨uller G and Speck J S 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 95 022103
[122] Darakchieva V, Lorenz K, Barradas N P, Alves E, Monemar B, Schubert M, Franco N, Hsiao
C L, Chen L C, Schaff W J, Tu L W, Yamaguchi T and Nanishi Y 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 96
081907
[123] Tamm I E 1932 Physikal. Z. Sowjetunion 1 733
[124] Shockley W 1939 Phys. Rev. 56 317–323
[125] Maue A W 1935 Z. Physik 94 717
[126] M¨onch W 2001 Semiconductor surfaces and interfaces (Berlin: Springer)
[127] Allen F G and Gobeli G W 1962 Phys. Rev. 127 150–158
[128] M¨onch W, Koke P and Krueger S 1981 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 19 313–318
[129] Svensson S P, Kanski J, Andersson T G and Nilsson P O 1984 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 2 235–239
[130] Spicer W E, Lindau I, Gregory P E, Garner C M, Pianetta P and Chye P W 1976 J. Vac. Sci.
Technol. 13 780–785
[131] Klein A 2000 Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 2009–2011
[132] Gassenbauer Y, Schafranek R, Klein A, Zafeiratos S, H¨avecker M, Knop-Gericke A and Schl¨ogl
R 2006 Phys. Rev. B 73 245312
[133] Harvey S P, Mason T O, Gassenbauer Y, Schafranek R and Klein A 2006 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
39 3959–3968
[134] King P D C, Veal T D, Payne D J, Bourlange A, Egdell R G and McConville C F 2008 Phys.
Rev. Lett. 101 116808
[135] King P D C, Veal T D, Fuchs F, Wang C Y, Payne D J, Bourlange A, Zhang H, Bell G R, Cimalla
V, Ambacher O, Egdell R G, Bechstedt F and McConville C F 2009 Phys. Rev. B 79 205211
[136] Zhang K H L, Payne D, Palgrave R G, Lazarov V K, Chen W, Wee A T S, McConville C F, King
P D C, Veal T D, Panaccione G, Lacovig P and Egdell R G 2009 Chem. Mater. 21 4353–4355
[137] Heiland G and Kunstmann P 1969 Surf. Sci. 13 72–84
[138] Coppa B J, Fulton C C, Hartlieb P J, Davis R F, Rodriguez B J, Shields B J and Nemanich R J
2004 J. Appl. Phys. 95 5856–5864
[139] Allen M W, Swartz C H, Myers T H, Veal T D, McConville C F and Durbin S M 2010 Phys.
Rev. B 81 075211
[140] Schmidt O, Kiesel P, Van de Walle C G, Johnson N M, Nause J and D¨ohler G H 2005 Jpn. J.
Appl. Phys. 44 7271–7274
[141] Fr´esart E D, Darville J and Gilles J M 1983 Surf. Sci. 126 518–522
[142] Nagata T, Bierwagen O, White M E, Tsai M Y and Speck J S 2010 J. Appl. Phys. 107 033707
[143] Fleischer M and Meixner H 1992 Sensors and Actuators B 7 257–261
[144] Geistlinger H 1994 Sensors and Actuators B 18–19 125–131
[145] Lovejoy T C, Yitamben E N, Shamir N, Morales J, Villora E G, Shimamura K, Zheng S, Ohuchi
F S and Olmstead M A 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 081906
[146] Look D C 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 104 063718
[147] Look D C, Claflin B and Smith H E 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 122108
[148] Meevasana W, King P D C, He R H, Mo S K, Hashimoto M, Tamai A, Songsiriritthigul P,
Baumberger F and Shen Z X 2011 Nature Materials 10 114
[149] Santander-Syro A F, Copie O, Kondo T, Fortuna F, Pailhes S, Weht R, Qiu X G, Bertran
F, Nicolaou A, Taleb-Ibrahimi A, Fevre P L, Herranz G, Bibes M, Apertet Y, Lecoeur P,
Rozenberg M J and Barthelemy A 2011 Nature 469 189
[150] King P D C, Veal T D, McConville C F, Z´u˜niga P´erez J, Mu˜noz Sanjos´e V, Hopkinson M, Rienks
E D L, Jensen M F and Hofmann P 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 256803
[151] Piper L F J, Colakerol L, King P D C, Schleife A, Z´u˜niga-P´erez J, Glans P A, Learmonth T,
Federov A, Veal T D, Fuchs F, Mu˜noz-Sanjos´e V, Bechstedt F, McConville C F and Smith K E
2008 Phys. Rev. B 78 165127
[152] Piper L F J, Veal T D, McConville C F, Lu H and Schaff W J 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 252109
[153] Cimalla V, Lebedev V, Morales F M, Goldhahn R and Ambacher O 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89
172109
[154] Lebedev V, Cimalla V, Baumann T, Ambacher O, Morales F M, Lozano J G and Gonz´alez D
2006 J. Appl. Phys. 100 094903
[155] Zhang K H L, Lazarov V K, Veal T D, Oropeza F E, McConville C F, Egdell R G and Walsh A
2011 J. Phys: Condens. Matter. this issue
[156] Tersoff J 1984 Phys. Rev. Lett. 52 465–468
[157] Tejedor C and Flores F 1977 J. Phys. C 11 L19
[158] Heine V 1965 Phys. Rev. 138 A1689–A1696
[159] Inkson J C 1980 J. Phys. C 13 369–381
[160] Walukiewicz W 1988 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 6 1257–1262
[161] Walukiewicz W 1989 Appl. Phys. Lett. 54 2094–2096
[162] Walukiewicz W 1988 Phys. Rev. B 37 4760–4763
[163] Veal T D, King P D C, Hatfield S A, Bailey L R, McConville C F, Martel B, Moreno J C,
Frayssinet E, Semond F and Z´u˜niga-P´erez J 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 202108
[164] King P D C, Veal T D, Jefferson P H, McConville C F, Wang T, Parbrook P J, Lu H and Schaff
W J 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 132105
[165] King P D C, Veal T D, Kendrick C E, Bailey L R, Durbin S M and McConville C F 2008 Phys.
Rev. B 78 033308
[166] Falabretti B and Robertson J 2007 J. Appl. Phys. 102 123703
[167] Schleife A, Fuchs F, R¨odl C, Furthm¨uller J and Bechstedt F 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 012104
[168] Brudnyi V N, Grinyaev S N and Kolin N G 2003 Semiconductors 37 537–545
[169] King P D C, Veal T D, Jefferson P H, Hatfield S A, Piper L F J, McConville C F, Fuchs F,
Furthm¨uller J, Bechstedt F, Lu H and Schaff W J 2008 Phys. Rev. B 77 045316
[170] Fuchs F and Bechstedt F 2008 Phys. Rev. B 77 155107
[171] Robertson J 1979 J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 12 4767
[172] Schleife A, Fuchs F, Furthmuller J and Bechstedt F 2006 Phys. Rev. B 73 245212
[173] He H, Orlando R, Blanco M A, Pandey R, Amzallag E, Baraille I and R´erat M 2006 Phys. Rev.
B 74 195123 (pages 8)
[174] O’Neil D H, Walsh A, Jacobs R M J, Kuznetsov V L, Egdell R G and Edwards P P 2010 Phys.
Rev. B 81 085110
[175] Tersoff J 1985 Phys. Rev. B 32 6968–6971
[176] Veal T D, Lowe M J and McConville C F 2002 Surf. Sci. 499 251–260
[177] Peles A, Janotti A and de Walle C G V 2008 Phys. Rev. B 78 035204
[178] Kawazoe H, Yasukawa M, Hyodo H, Kurita M, Yanagi H and Hosono H 1997 Nature 389 939–942
[179] Medvedeva J E and Freeman A J 2005 Europhys. Lett. 69 583–587
[180] Medvedeva J E and Hettiarachchi C L 2010 arXiv:1002.4827
[181] Moss T S 1954 Proc. Phys. Soc. B 67 775
[182] Burstein E 1954 Phys. Rev. 93 632–633