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Time to rewrite your autobiography?

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Wade, Kimberley A. and Laney, Cara. (2008) Time to rewrite your autobiography? Psychologist, Vol.21 (No.7 ). pp. 588-593. ISSN 0952-8229

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Abstract

Autobiographical memory is the “diary that we all carry about” said Oscar Wilde. Autobiographical memory defines us. And because autobiographical memory is the foundation on which we build our identity, we like to believe that our memories are accurate, comprehensive and robust. Anything else would challenge our sense of self. But over the previous decade, psychological scientists have shown that autobiographical memory can be inexact, sketchy and frail. Various suggestive techniques can encourage people to generate memories of whole events that never happened. And these illusory memories are often held with great confidence, emotion, clarity, and vividness—but they are not real. In this article, we discuss research showing that suggestion can create false memories and change our autobiography.

Item Type: Journal Article
Alternative Title: Warning: your most treasured childhood memory may be false
Subjects: B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BF Psychology
Divisions: Faculty of Science > Psychology
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): Autobiographical memory, Recovered memory, False memory syndrome
Journal or Publication Title: Psychologist
Publisher: British Psychological Society
ISSN: 0952-8229
Date: July 2008
Volume: Vol.21
Number: No.7
Page Range: pp. 588-593
Status: Peer Reviewed
Access rights to Published version: Open Access
Version or Related Resource: Original title: Warning: your most treasured childhood memory may be false.
References: Berkowitz, S.R., Laney, C., Morris, E.K., Garry, M., & Loftus, E.F. (in press). Pluto behaving badly: False beliefs and their consequences. American Journal of Psychology. Bernstein, D. M., Laney, C., Morris, E. K., & Loftus, E. F. (2005). False memories about food can lead to food avoidance. Social Cognition, 23, 10-33. Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2005). The science of false memory. New York: Oxford University Press. Dreifus, C. (2007, October 2). Proving that seeing shouldn’t always be believing. The New York Times: Science. French, L., Sutherland, R., & Garry, M. (2006). Discussion affects memory for true and false childhood events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 671-680. Gabbert, F., Memon, A., & Allan, K. (2003). Memory conformity: Can eyewitnesses influence each other’s memories for an event? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17, 533- 543. Garry, M. & Gerrie, M. P. (2005). When photographs create false memories. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 321-324. Garry, M. & Wade, K. A. (2005). Actually, a picture is worth less than 45 words: Narratives produce more false memories than photographs do. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12, 359-366. Goff, L. M., & Roediger, H. L., III, (1998). Imagination inflation for action events: Repeated imaginings lead to illusory recollections. Memory & Cognition, 26, 20-33. Heaps, C. & Nash, M. (2001). Comparing recollective experience in true and false autobiographical memories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27, 920-930. Hyman, I. E., Jr., & Billings, F. J. (1998). Individual differences and the creation of false childhood memories. Memory, 6, 1-20. Johnson, M. K. (2006). Memory and reality. American Psychologist, 61, 760-771. Johnson, M. K., Hashtroudi, S., & Lindsay, D. S. (1993). Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 3-28. Kassin, S. M., & Gudjonsson, G. H. (2004). The psychology of confessions: A review of the literature and issues. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5, 33-67. Laney, C. (2006). Emotional content of true and false memories (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Irvine, 2006). Dissertation Abstracts International, 67 (12-B), 7429. Laney, C. & Loftus, E. F. (2007). Emotional content of true and false memories. Manuscript under review. Laney, C., Kaasa, S.O., Morris, E.K., Berkowitz, S.R., Bernstein, D.M., & Loftus, E.F. (in press). The red herring technique: A methodological response to the problem of demand characteristics. Psychological Research. Laney, C., Morris, E.K., Bernstein, D.M., Wakefield, B.M., & Loftus, E.F. (in press). Asparagus, a love story: Healthier eating could be just a false memory away. Experimental Psychology. Lindsay, D. S., Hagen, L., Read, J. D., Wade, K. A., & Garry, M. (2004). True photographs and false memories. Psychological Science, 15, 149-154. Loftus, E. F., & Pickrell, J. E. (1995). The formation of false memories. Psychiatric Annals, 25, 720-725. Mazzoni, G. A. L., Lombardo, P., Malvagia, S., & Loftus, E. F. (1999). Dream interpretation and false beliefs. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice, 30, 45- 50. Nash, R. A., & Wade, K. A. (2007). Innocent but proven guilty: Fake video evidence and false confessions. Manuscript under review. Okado, Y., & Stark, C. E. L. (2005). Neural activity during encoding predicts false memories created by misinformation. Learning & Memory, 12, 3-11. Peterson, T. Kaasa, S. O., & Loftus, E. F. (2007). Me too!: Social modelling influences on early autobiographical memories. Manuscript under review. Porter, S., Yuille, J. C., & Lehman, D. R. (1999). The nature of real, implanted, and fabricated memories for emotional childhood events: Implications for the recovered memory debate. Law and Human Behavior, 23, 517-537. Ross, M. (1997). Validating memories. In N. L. Stein, P. A. Ornstein, B. Tversky, & C. Brainerd (Eds.), Memory for everyday and emotional events (pp. 49–82). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Scoboria, A., Mazzoni, G., Kirsch, I., & Relyea, M. (2004). Plausibility and belief in autobiographical memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18, 791-807. Wade, K. A. & Garry, M. (2005). Strategies for verifying false autobiographical memories. American Journal of Psychology, 118, 587-602. Wade, K. A., Garry, M., Read, J. D., & Lindsay, S. (2002). A picture is worth a thousand lies: Using false photographs to create false childhood memories. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 597-603. Wade, K. A., Sharman, S. J., Garry, M., Memon, A., Mazzoni, G., Merckelbach, H., et al. (2007). False claims about false memory research. Consciousness and Cognition, 16, 18-28.
URI: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/391

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