[1] Mitchell JK, Solymar ZV. Time-dependent strength gain in freshly deposited or
densified sand. J Geotech Div, ASCE 1984;110:1559–76.
[2] Leroueil S, Vaughan PR. The general and congruent effects of structure in
natural soils and weak rocks. Geotechnique 1990;40(3):467–88.
[3] Airey DW. Triaxial testing of naturally cemented carbonate soil. J Geotech Eng,
ASCE 1993;119:1379–98.
[4] Dupas J, Pecker A. Static and dynamic properties of sand-cement. J Geotech
Eng, ASCE 1979;105:419–36.
[5] Acar Y B, El-Tahir AE. Low strain dynamic properties of artificially cemented
sand. J Geotech Eng, ASCE 1986;112:1001–15.
[6] Clough GW, Sitar N, Bachus RC, Rad NS. Cemented sands under static loading. J
Geotech Eng, ASCE 1981;107:799–817.
[7] Clough GW, Iwabuchi J, Rad NS, Kuppusamy T. Influence of cementation on
liquefaction of sands. J Geotech Eng, ASCE 1989;115:1102–17.
[8] Huang JT, Airey DW. Properties of artificially cemented carbonate sand. J
Geotech Geoenviron Eng 1998;124(6):492–9.
[9] Lade PV, Overton DD. Cementation effects in frictional materials. J Geotech
Eng, ASCE 1989;115:1373–87.
[10] Abdulla AA, Kiousis PD. Behavior of cemented sands – I. Testing. Int J Numer
Anal Methods Geomech 1997;21(8):533–47.
[11] Schnaid F, Prietto PDM, Consoli NC. Characterization of cemented sand in
triaxial compression. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 2001;127(10):857–68.
[12] Kavvadas J, Amorosi A. A constitutive model for structured soils. Geotechnique
2000;50(3):263–73.
[13] Rouainia M, Muir Wood D. A kinematic hardening constitutive model for
natural clays with loss of structure. Geotechnique 2000;50(2):152–64.
[14] Vatsala A, Nova R, Murthy BRS. Elastoplastic model for cemented soils. J
Geotech Geoenviron Eng, ASCE 2001;127(8):679–87.
[15] Rocchi G, Fontana M, Prat MD. Modelling of natural soft clay
destruction processes using viscoplasticity theory. Geotechnique
2003;53(8):729–45.
[16] Baudet B, Stallebrass S. A constitutive model for structured soils. Geotechnique
2004;54(4):269–78.
[17] Shen ZJ. A masonry constitutive model for structured clays. Rock Soil Mech
2000;21(1):1–4 [in Chinese].
[18] Jiang MJ, Shen ZJ. A structural suction model for structured clays. In:
Proceedings of 2nd international conference on soft soil engineering, 1996.
Nanjing (China); 1996. p. 221–40.
[19] Nova R, Castellanza R, Tamagnini C. A constitutive model for bonded
geomaterials subject to mechanical and/or chemical degradation. Int J
Numer Anal Methods Geomech 2003;27:705–32.
[20] Cotecchia F, Chandler J. A general framework for the mechanical behaviour of
clays. Géotechnique 2000;50(4):431–47.
[21] Lagioia R, Nova R. An experimental and theoretical study of the behaviour of a
calcarenite in triaxial compression. Géotechnique 1995;45(4):633–48.
[22] Labuz J, Drescher A. Bifurcations and instabilities in
geomechanics. Swets: Zeitlinger; 2003.
[23] Rudnicki JW, Rice JR. Conditions for localization of deformation in pressuresensitive
dilatant materials. J Mech Phys Solids 1975; 23: 371-394.
[24] Vardoulakis I. Shear band inclination and shear modulus of sand in biaxial
tests. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 1980;4:103–19.
[25] Papamichos E, Vardoulakis I. Shear band formation in sand according to noncoaxial
plasticity model. Géotechnique 1995;45:649–61.
[26] Vardoulakis I, Sulem J. Bifurcation analysis in geomechanics. London: Blackie;
1995.
[27] Lanier J, Jean M. Pow Technol 2000;109:206–21.
[28] Calvetti F, Combe G, Lanier J. Experimental micromechanical analysis of a 2D
granular material: relation between structure evolution and loading path.
Mech Cohes Frict Mater 1997;2:121–63.
[29] Hicher PY, Wahyudi H, Tessied D. Micro-structural analysis of strain
localization in clay. Comput Geotech 1994;16:205–22.
[30] Jiang MJ, Shen ZJ. Microscopic analysis of shear band in structured clay. China J
Geotech Eng 1998;20(2):102–8.
[31] Jiang MJ, Hongo T, Fukuda M. Pre-failure behaviour of deep-situated Osaka
clay. China Ocean Eng 1998;12(4):453–65.
[32] Jiang MJ, Peng LC, Zhu HH, Lin YX, Huang LJ. Macro- and micro properties
of two natural marine clays in China. China Ocean Eng 2009;23(2):
329–44.
[33] Yatomi C, Yashima A, Iizuka A, Sano I. General theory of shear bands formation
by a noncoaxial Cam-clay model. Soils Found 1989;29(3):41–53.
[34] Otani J, Mukunoki T, Obara Y. In: Characterization of failure and density
distribution in soils using X-ray CT scanner, China–Japan joint symposium on
resent development of theory & practice in geotechnology. Shanghai; 1997. p.
45–50.
[35] Nemat-Nasser S, Okada N. Radiographic and microscopic observation of shear
bands in granular materials. Geotechnique 2001;51(9):753–65.
[36] Viggiani G, Lenoir N, Besuelle P, Di Michiel M, Desrues J, Kretzschmer M. X-ray
microtomography for studying localized deformation in fine-grained
geomaterials under triaxial compression. Comptes Rendues Mécanique
2004;332:816–26.
[37] Harris WW, Viggiani G, Mooney MA, Finno RJ. Use of stereophotogrammetry to
analyze the development of shear bands in sand. Geotech Test J (ASTM)
1995;18(4):405–20.
[38] White DJ, Take WA, Bolton MD. Soil deformation measurement using particle
image velocimetry (PIV) and photogrammetry. Geotechnique
2003;53(7):619–31.
[39] Cundall PA, Strack ODL. Discrete numerical model for granular assemblies.
Géotechnique 1979;29:47–65.
[40] Itasca Consulting Group Inc. Particle flow code in 2 dimensions, version 3.1.
Minnesota, USA; 2004
[41] Jiang MJ, Lerouil S, Konrad JM. Yielding of microstructured geomaterial by
DEM analysis. J Eng Mech, ASCE 2005;131(11):1209–13.
[42] Jiang MJ, Yu HS, Leroueil S. A simple and efficient approach to capturing
bonding effect in naturally-microstructured sands by discrete element
method. Int J Numer Methods Eng 2007;69:1158–93.
[43] Utili S, Nova R. DEM analysis of bonded granular geomaterials. Int J Numer
Anal Methods Geomech 2008;32(17):1997–2031.
[44] Utili S, Crosta GB. Modelling the evolution of cliffs subject to weathering: II.
Discrete elements approach. J Geophys Res – Earth Surface; accepted for
publication.
[45] Delenne JY, El Youssoufi MS, Cherblanc F, Beneet JC. Mechanical behaviour and
failure of cohesive granular materials. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech
2004;28:1577–94.
[46] Jiang MJ, Yan HB. Micro-contact laws of bonded granular materials for DEM
numerical analyses. EPMESC XI (APCOM07), Kyoto, Japan; 2007.
[47] Yun TS, Santamarina JC. Decementation, softening and collapse: changes in
small-strain shear stiffness in K0 loading. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng, ASCE
2005;131(3):350–8.
[48] Kuhn MR. A flexible boundary for three-dimensional DEM particle assemblies.
Eng Comput 1995;12:175–83.
[49] Wang YH, Leung SC. Characterization of cemented sand by experimental and
numerical investigations. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng, ASCE 2008;134(7):
992–1004.
[50] Corriveau D, Savage SB, Oger L. Internal friction angles: characterisation using
biaxial test simulations. In IUTAM symposium; 1997.
[51] Iwashita K, Oda M. Rolling resistance at contacts in simulation of shear band
development by DEM. J Eng Mech 1998;124(3):285–92.
[52] Jiang MJ, Konrad JM, Leroueil S. An efficient technique for generating
homogeneous specimens for DEM studies. Comput Geotechnol
2003;30(7):579–97.
[53] Jiang MJ, Yu HS, Harris D. Discrete element modelling of deep penetration in
granular soils. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 2006;30(4):335–61.
[54] Wang YH, Leung SC. A particulate scale investigation of cemented sand
behaviour. Can Geotech J 2008;45:29–44.
[55] Bardet JP, Proubet J. A numerical investigation of the structure of persistent
shear bands in granular media. Géotechnique 1991;41:599–613.
[56] Desrues J. Localisation de la déformation plastique dans le materiaux
granulaires. Thèse de doctorat, Grenoble University; 1984. p. 185.
[57] Vardoulakis I, Graf B. Calibration of constitutive models for granular materials
using data from biaxial experiments. Géotechnique 1985;35:299–317.
[58] Jiang MJ, Zhu HH, Li XM. Strain localisation analyses of idealised sands in
biaxial tests by distinct element method. Frontiers of Architecture and Civil
Engineering in China 2010;4(2):208–22.
[59] Jiang MJ, Yu HS, Harris D. Kinematic variables bridging discrete and continuum
granular mechanics. Mech Res Commun 2006;33:651–66.
[60] Jiang MJ, Harris D, Yu HS. Kinematic models for non-coaxial granular
materials: Part II: evaluation. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech
2005;29(7):663–89.
[61] Jiang MJ, Harris D, Yu HS. Kinematic models for non-coaxial granular
materials: part I: theories. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech
2005;29(7):643–61.