1. Karnick SK, Chen H, McLean GW, Heit JJ, Gu X,
Zhang AY, et al. Menin controls growth of pancreatic
β-cells in pregnant mice and promotes gestational diabetes
mellitus. Science 2007; 318:806-9.
2. Parsons JA, Bartke A, Sorenson RL. Number and size
of islets of Langerhans in pregnant, human growth
hormone-expressing transgenic, and pituitary dwarf
mice: effect of lactogenic hormones. Endocrinology
1995; 136:2013-21.
3. Scaglia L, Smith FE, Bonner-Weir S. Apoptosis contributes
to the involution of β-cell mass in the post
partum rat pancreas. Endocrinology 1995; 136:5461-
8.
4. Stanger BZ, Tanaka AJ, Melton DA. Organ size is limited
by the number of embryonic progenitor cells in the
pancreas but not the liver. Nature 2007; 445:886-91.
5. Parsons JA, Brelje TC, Sorenson RL. Adaptation of
islets of Langerhans to pregnancy: increased islet cell
proliferation and insulin secretion correlates with the
onset of placental lactogen secretion. Endocrinology
1992; 130:1459-66.
6. Bruning JC, Winnay J, Bonner-Weir S, Taylor SI,
Accili D, Kahn CR. Development of a novel polygenic
model of NIDDM in mice heterozygous for IR and
IRS-1 null alleles. Cell 1997; 88:561-72.
7. Sorenson RL, Brelje TC. Adaptation of islets of
Langerhans to pregnancy: β-cell growth, enhanced
insulin secretion and the role of lactogenic hormones.
Horm Metab Res 1997; 29:301-7.
8. Slack JM. Developmental biology of the pancreas.
Development 1995; 121:1569-80.
9. Limbert C, Path G, Jakob F, Seufert J. Beta-cell replacement
and regeneration: Strategies of cell-based therapy
for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract
2008; 79:389-99.
10. Nir T, Melton DA, Dor Y. Recovery from diabetes
in mice by β-cell regeneration. J Clin Invest 2007;
117:2553-61.
11. Dor Y, Brown J, Martinez OI, Melton DA. Adult pancreatic
beta-cells are formed by self-duplication rather
than stem-cell differentiation. Nature 2004; 429:41-6.
12. Inada A, Nienaber C, Katsuta H, Fujitani Y, Levine
J, Morita R, et al. Carbonic anhydrase II-positive
pancreatic cells are progenitors for both endocrine and
exocrine pancreas after birth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
2008; 105:19915-9.
13. Xu X, D’Hoker J, Stange G, Bonne S, De Leu N, Xiao
X, et al. b-cells can be generated from endogenous
progenitors in injured adult mouse pancreas. Cell 2008;
132:197-207.
14. Minami K, Okuno M, Miyawaki K, Okumachi A,
Ishizaki K, Oyama K, et al. Lineage tracing and characterization
of insulin-secreting cells generated from adult
pancreatic acinar cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;
102:15116-21.
15. Zhou Q, Brown J, Kanarek A, Rajagopal J, Melton DA.
In vivo reprogramming of adult pancreatic exocrine
cells to β-cells. Nature 2008; 455:627-32.
16. Collombat P, Xu X, Ravassard P, Sosa-Pineda B,
Dussaud S, Billestrup N, et al. The ectopic expression
of Pax4 in the mouse pancreas converst progenitor cells
into α and subsequently β cells. Cell 2009; 138:449-
62.
17. Fernandes A, King LC, Guz Y, Stein R, Wright CV,
Teitelman G. Differentiation of new insulin-producing
cells is induced by injury in adult pancreatic islets.
Endocrinology 1997; 138:1750-62.
18. Guz Y, Nasir I, Teitelman G. Regeneration of pancreatic
β-cells from intra-islet precursor cells in an
experimental model of diabetes. Endocrinology 2001;
142:4956-68.
19. Gu G, Dubauskaite J, Melton DA. Direct evidence
for the pancreatic lineage: NGN3+ cells are islet
progenitors and are distinct from duct progenitors.
Development 2002; 129:2447-57.
20. Murtaugh LC, Melton DA. Genes, signals and lineages
in pancreas development. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol
2003; 19:71-89.
21. Bouwens L, Rooman I. Regulation of pancreatic β-cell
mass. Physiol Rev 2005; 85:1255-70.
22. Heit JJ, Karnik SK, Kim SK. Intrinsic regulators of
pancreatic β-cell proliferation. Ann Rev Cell Dev Biol
2006; 22:311-38.
23. Hanley NA, Hanley KP, Miettinen PJ, Otonkoski T.
Weighing up β-cell mass in mice and humans: Selfrenewal,
progenitors or stem cells? Mol Cell Endocrinol
2008; 288:79-85.
24. Lobe CG, Koop KE, Kreppner W, Lomeli H,
Gertsenstein M, Nagy A. Z/AP, a double reporter for
cre-mediated recombination. Dev Biol 1999; 208:281-
92.
25. Avril I, Blondeau B, Duchene B, Czernichow P, Breant
B. Decreased beta-cell proliferation impairs the adaptation
to pregnancy in rats malnourished during perinatal
life. J Endocrinol 2002; 174:215-23.
26. Aerts L, Vercruysse L, Van Assche FA. The endocrine
pancreas in virgin and pregnant offspring of diabetic
pregnant rats. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1997; 38:9-19.
27. Lipsett M, Finegood DT. Beta-cell neogenesis during
prolonged hyperglycemia in rats. Diabetes 2002;
51:1834-41.
28. Yamamoto K, Miyagawa J, Waguri M, Sasada R,
Igarashi K, Li M, et al. Recombinant human betacellulin
promotes the neogenesis of beta-cells and
ameliorates glucose intolerance in mice with diabetes
induced by selective alloxan perfusion. Diabetes 2000;
49:2021-7.
29. Yamamoto K, Miyagawa J, Waguri M, Itoh N, Imagawa
A, Kuwajima M, et al. Proliferation and differentiation
of pancreatic beta-cells: ultrastructural analysis of the
pancreas in diabetic mice induced by selective alloxan
perfusion. Med Electron Microsc 1997; 30:170-5.
30. Wang RN, Kloppel G, Bouwens L. Duct-to islet-cell
differentiation and islet growth in the pancreas of ductligated
adult rats. Diabetologia 1995; 38:1405-11.
31. Gu D, Sarvetnick N. Epithelial cell proliferation and
islet neogenesis in IFNg transgenic mice. Development
1993; 118:33-46.
32. Gu D, Lee MS, Krahl T, Sarvetnick N. Transitional
cells in the regenerating pancreas. Development 1994;
120:1873-81.
33. Bonner-Weir S, Toschi E, Inada A, Reitz P, Fonseca
SY, Aye T, Sharma A. The pancreatic ductal epithelium
serves as a potential pool of progenitor cells. Pediatr
Diabetes 2004; 5:16-22.
34. Holland AM, Gonez LJ, Naselli G, Macdonald RJ,
Harrison LC. Conditional expression demonstrates the
role of the homeodomain transcription factor Pdx1 in
maintenance and regeneration of beta-cells in the adult
pancreas. Diabetes 2005; 54:2586-95.
35. Strobel O, Dor Y, Stirman A, Trainor A, Fernandez-del-
Castillo C, Warshaw AL, et al. b-cell transdifferentiation
does not contribute to preneoplastic/metaplastic
ductal lesions of the pancreas by genetic lineage tracing
in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104:4419-24.
36. Teta M, Rankin MM, Long SY, Stein GM, Kushner
JA. Growth and regeneration of adult β-cells does not
involve specialized progenitors. Dev Cell 2007; 12:817-
26.
37. Bertelli E, Regoli M, Orazioli D, Bendayan M.
Association between islets of Langerhans and pancreatic
ductal system in adult rat. Where endocrine and exocrine
meet together? Diabetologia 2001; 44:575-84.
38. Bertelli E, Bendayan M. Association between endocrine
pancreas and ductal system. More than an epiphenomenon
of endocrine differentiation and development? J
Histochem Cytochem 2005; 53:1071-86.
39. Bouwens L. Cytokeratins and cell differentiation in the
pancreas. J Pathol 1998; 184:234-9.