Fabro, Georgina, Steinbrenner, Jens, Coates, Mary, Ishaque, Naveed, Baxter, Laura, Studholme, David J., Körner, Evelyn, Allen, Rebecca L., Piquerez, Sophie J M, Rougon-Cardoso, Alejandra, Greenshields, David, Lei, Rita, Badel, Jorge L, Caillaud, Marie-Cecile, Sohn, Kee-Hoon, Van den Ackerveken, Guido, Parker, Jane E, Beynon, Jim and Jones, Jonathan D. G. (2011) Multiple candidate effectors from the oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis suppress host plant immunity. PLoS pathogens, Vol.7 (No.11). Article No. e1002348. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002348

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Abstract

Oomycete pathogens cause diverse plant diseases. To successfully colonize their hosts, they deliver a suite of effector proteins that can attenuate plant defenses. In the oomycete downy mildews, effectors carry a signal peptide and an RxLR motif. Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) causes downy mildew on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). We investigated if candidate effectors predicted in the genome sequence of Hpa isolate Emoy2 (HaRxLs) were able to manipulate host defenses in different Arabidopsis accessions. We developed a rapid and sensitive screening method to test HaRxLs by delivering them via the bacterial type-three secretion system (TTSS) of Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000-LUX (Pst-LUX) and assessing changes in Pst-LUX growth in planta on 12 Arabidopsis accessions. The majority (~70%) of the 64 candidates tested positively contributed to Pst-LUX growth on more than one accession indicating that Hpa virulence likely involves multiple effectors with weak accession-specific effects. Further screening with a Pst mutant (ΔCEL) showed that HaRxLs that allow enhanced Pst-LUX growth usually suppress callose deposition, a hallmark of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI). We found that HaRxLs are rarely strong avirulence determinants. Although some decreased Pst-LUX growth in particular accessions, none activated macroscopic cell death. Fewer HaRxLs conferred enhanced Pst growth on turnip, a non-host for Hpa, while several reduced it, consistent with the idea that turnip's non-host resistance against Hpa could involve a combination of recognized HaRxLs and ineffective HaRxLs. We verified our results by constitutively expressing in Arabidopsis a sub-set of HaRxLs. Several transgenic lines showed increased susceptibility to Hpa and attenuation of Arabidopsis PTI responses, confirming the HaRxLs' role in Hpa virulence. This study shows TTSS screening system provides a useful tool to test whether candidate effectors from eukaryotic pathogens can suppress/trigger plant defense mechanisms and to rank their effectiveness prior to subsequent mechanistic investigation.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Subjects:	Q Science > Q Science (General)
Divisions:	Faculty of Science > Life Sciences (2010- ) Faculty of Science > Centre for Systems Biology
Journal or Publication Title:	PLoS pathogens
Publisher:	Public Library of Science
ISSN:	1553-7374
Official Date:	2011
Dates:	Date Event 2011 Published
Volume:	Vol.7
Number:	No.11
Page Range:	Article No. e1002348
DOI:	10.1371/journal.ppat.1002348
Status:	Peer Reviewed
Publication Status:	Published
Access rights to Published version:	Restricted or Subscription Access
Funder:	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (Great Britain) (BBSRC)
Grant number:	BB/E024815/1,BB/E024882/1,BB/F005806/1,BB/F0161901,BB/G015066/1,T12144(BBSRC)

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