Chaturvedi, Nish, Porta, Massimo, Klein, Ronald, Orchard, Trevor, Fuller, John, Parving, Hans Henrik, Bilous, Rudy and Sjølie, Anne Katrin (2008) Effect of candesartan on prevention (DIRECT-Prevent 1) and progression (DIRECT-Protect 1) of retinopathy in type 1 diabetes : randomised, placebo-controlled trials. Lancet, Vol.372 (No.9647). pp. 1394-1402. ISSN 0140-6736

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Abstract

Background
Results of previous studies suggest that renin-angiotensin system blockers might reduce the burden of diabetic retinopathy. We therefore designed the DIabetic REtinopathy Candesartan Trials (DIRECT) Programme to assess whether candesartan could reduce the incidence and progression of retinopathy in type 1 diabetes.
Methods
Two randomised, double-blind, parallel-design, placebo-controlled trials were done in 309 centres worldwide. Participants with normotensive, normoalbuminuric type 1 diabetes without retinopathy were recruited to the DIRECT-Prevent 1 trial and those with existing retinopathy were recruited to DIRECT-Protect 1, and were assigned to candesartan 16 mg once a day or matching placebo. After 1 month, the dose was doubled to 32 mg. Investigators and participants were unaware of the treatment allocation status. The primary endpoints were incidence and progression of retinopathy and were defined as at least a two-step and at least a three-step increase on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) scale, respectively. These trials are registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, numbers NCT00252733 for DIRECT-Prevent 1 and NCT00252720 for DIRECT-Protect 1.
Findings
1421 participants (aged 18—50 years) were randomly assigned to candesartan (n=711) or to placebo (n=710) in DIRECT-Prevent 1, and 1905 (aged 18—55 years) to candesartan (n=951) or to placebo (n=954) in DIRECT-Protect 1. Incidence of retinopathy was seen in 178 (25%) participants in the candesartan group versus 217 (31%) in the placebo group. Progression of retinopathy occurred in 127 (13%) participants in the candesartan group versus 124 (13%) in the placebo group. Hazard ratio (HR for candesartan vs placebo) was 0·82 (95% CI 0·67—1·00, p=0·0508) for incidence of retinopathy and 1·02 (0·80—1·31, p=0·85) for progression of retinopathy. The post-hoc outcome of at least a three-step increase for incidence yielded an HR of 0·65 (0·48—0·87, p=0·0034), which was attenuated but still significant after adjustment for baseline characteristics (0·71, 0·53—0·95, p=0·046). Final ETDRS level was more likely to have improved with candesartan treatment in both DIRECT-Prevent 1 (odds 1·16, 95% CI 1·05—1·30, p=0·0048) and DIRECT-Protect 1 (1·12, 95% CI 1·01—1·25, p=0·0264). Adverse events did not differ between the treatment groups.
Interpretation
Although candesartan reduces the incidence of retinopathy, we did not see a beneficial effect on retinopathy progression.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Subjects:	R Medicine > R Medicine (General)
Divisions:	Faculty of Medicine > Warwick Medical School > Translational & Systems Medicine > Metabolic and Vascular Health Faculty of Medicine > Warwick Medical School
Journal or Publication Title:	Lancet
Publisher:	The Lancet Publishing Group
ISSN:	0140-6736
Official Date:	18 October 2008
Volume:	Vol.372
Number:	No.9647
Page Range:	pp. 1394-1402
Identification Number:	10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61412-9
Status:	Peer Reviewed
Publication Status:	Published
Access rights to Published version:	Restricted or Subscription Access
URI:	http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/45505

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