1. Cooper N, Gautrey M, Quinn M, Cancer
registrations in England, 2002. London: Office for
National Statistics; 2005.
2. Welsh Cancer Intelligence and Surveillance Unit.
2005 triennial report: cancer incidence, mortality and
survival in Wales. Cardiff: Welsh Cancer
Intelligence and Surveillance Unit; 2005.
3. Cancer Research UK. Large bowel (colorectal)
cancer factsheet, April 2005. URL:
http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/aboutcancer/
statistics/factsheets/?version=2. Accessed 2 July
2005.
4. Rowan S, Wood H, Cooper N, Quinn M. Update to
cancer trends in England and Wales 1950–1999.
London: Office for National Statistics; 2005.
5. Reddy B, Engle A, Katsifis S, Simic B, Bartram HP,
Perrino P, et al. Biochemical epidemiology of colon
cancer: effect of types of dietary fiber on fecal
mutagens, acid, and neutral sterols in healthy
subjects. Cancer Res 1989;49:4629–35.
6. Potter JD. Reconciling the epidemiology,
physiology, and molecular biology of colon cancer.
JAMA 1992;268:1573–7.
7. Willett W. The search for the causes of breast and
colon cancer. Nature 1999;338:389–94.
8. Hind D, Tappenden P, Tumur I, Eggington S,
Sutcliffe P, Ryan A. The use of irinotecan,
oxaliplatin and raltitrexed for the treatment of
advanced colorectal cancer: systematic review and
economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess in press.
9. Mason P. Colorectal cancer – the disease and its
management. Hosp Pharm 2004;11:175–7.
10. National Institute for Health and Clinical
Excellence. National Institute for Health and Clinical
Excellence guidance on cancer services: improving
outcomes in colorectal cancers (manual update).
London: NICE; 2004.
11. Bishop DT, Hall NR. The genetics of colorectal
cancer. Eur J Cancer 1994;30A:1946–56.
12. Aaltonen LA, Salovaara R, Kristo P, Canzian F,
Hemminki A, Peltomaki P, et al. Incidence of
hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and the
feasibility of molecular screening for the disease.
N Engl J Med 1998;338:1481–7.
13. Cummings JH, Bingham SA. Diet and the
prevention of cancer. BMJ 1998;317:1636–40.
14. Eaden JA, Abrams KR, Mayberry JF. The risk of
colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a metaanalysis.
Gut 2002;48:526–35.
15. Michels KB, Giovannucci E, Joshipura KJ,
Rosner BA, Stampfer MJ, Fuchs CS, et al.
Prospective study of fruit and vegetable
consumption and incidence of colon and rectal
cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:1740–52.
16. Asano TK, McLeod RS. Non steroidal antiinflammatory
drugs (NSAID) and aspirin for
preventing colorectal adenomas and carcinomas.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; Issue 1; CD004079.
17. Bosetti C, Gallus S, La Vecchia C. Aspirin and
cancer risk: an update to 2001. Eur J Cancer Prev
2002;11:535–42.
18. Van Cutsem E, Kataja W. ESMO Minimum clinical
recommendations for diagnosis, adjuvant
treatment and follow-up of colon cancer. Ann Oncol
2005;16:i16–i17.
19. O’Connell JB, Maggard MA, Ko CY. Colon cancer
survival rates with the new American Joint
Committee on Cancer Sixth Edition staging. J Natl
Cancer Inst 2004;96:1420–5.
20. Roche Products Limited. Roche sponsor submission to
the National Institute for Health and Clinical
Excellence: Xeloda® (capecitabine) NICE submission –
achieving clinical excellence in the adjuvant treatment of
colorectal cancer. Roche Products Limited, UK; 2005.
21. South West Cancer Intelligence Service. Data held
on file: audit study of patients with colorectal cancer
undertaken in the Wessex region 1991–1995. South
West Cancer Intelligence Service, Bristol, 1995.
22. Ward S, Kaltenthaler E, Cowan J, Brewer N.
Clinical and cost-effectiveness of capecitabine and
tegafur with uracil for the treatment of metastatic
colorectal cancer: systematic review and economic
evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2003;7(32).
23. Benson AB III, Schrag D, Somerfield MR,
Cohen AM, Figueredo AT, Flynn PJ, et al.
American Society of Clinical Oncology
recommendations on adjuvant chemotherapy for
Stage II cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:3408–19.
24. Cancer Research UK. Large bowel (colorectal) cancer
factsheet, April 2004. URL:
http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/aboutcancer/
statistics/statsmisc/pdfs/factsheet_bowel_
apr2004.pdf. Accessed 2 July 2005.
25. Cancer Research UK. Cancer stats – mortality UK
February 2004. URL:
http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/images/
publicationspdfs/cancerstats_mortality.pdf.
Accessed 2 July 2005.
26. Royal College of Nursing. External submission to
the National Institute for Health and Clinical
Excellence by the Royal College of Nursing. 2005.
27. Patel K, Anthoney DA, Crellin AM, Sebag-
Montefiore D, Messruther J, Seymour MT. Weekly
5-fluorouracil and leucovorin: achieving lower
toxicity with higher dose-intensity in adjuvant
chemotherapy after colorectal cancer resection.
Ann Oncol 2004;15:568–73.
28. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network
(SIGN). Management of colorectal cancer –
Guidance No. 67. Edinburgh: Scottish
Intercollegiate Guidelines Network; 2003.
29. Kerr DJ, Gray R, McConkey C, Barmwell J.
Adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil,
L-folinic acid and levamisole for patients with
colorectal cancer: non-randomised comparison of
weekly versus four-weekly schedules. QUASAR
Colorectal Cancer Study Group. Ann Oncol 2000;
11:947–55.
30. Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and
Ireland. Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain
and Ireland guidelines for the management of colorectal
cancer (2001). London: Royal College of Surgeons;
2001.
31. Atkin W. Single flexible sigmoidoscopy screening
to prevent colorectal cancer: baseline findings of a
UK multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 2002;
359:1291–300.
32. Rowan S, Gautrey M, Quinn MJ. Cancer
registrations in England, 2001. London: National
Cancer Intelligence Centre, Office for National
Statistics; 2004.
33. Welsh Cancer Intelligence and Surveillance Unit.
Cancer incidence in Wales 1992–2001. Cardiff: Welsh
Cancer Intelligence and Surveillance Unit; 2004.
34. Cassidy J. Capecitabine vs bolus 5-FU/leucovorin
as adjuvant therapy for colon cancer (the X-ACT
study): positive efficacy results of a phase III trial.
Presented at the ASCO Annual Meeting, 2004.
35. Adam R, Avisar E, Ariche A, Giachetti S,
Azoulay D, Castaing D, et al. Five-year survival
following hepatic resection after neoadjuvant
therapy for nonresectable colorectal [liver]
metastases. Ann Surgic Oncol 2001;8:347–53.
36. Seymour M. Optimizing the use and sequencing of
fluorouracil and oxaliplatin in advanced colorectal
cancer (ACRC): the UK MRC FOCUS (CR08)
Trial. Ann Oncol 2004;15(Suppl 3):2.
37. Dube S, Heyen F, Jenicek M. Adjuvant
chemotherapy in colorectal carcinoma: results of a
meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum 1997;40:35–41.
38. Sanofi-Aventis. Eloxatin – summary of product
characteristics. Electronic medicines compendium.
Sanofi-Aventis, UK; 2005.
39. Roche Products Limited. Xeloda – Summary of
product characteristics. Electronic medicines
compendium. Roche Products Limited, UK; 2005.
40. Joint Formulary Committee. British National
Formulary 49. British Medical Association and
Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain;
London; 2005.
41. NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination.
Undertaking systematic reviews of research on
effectiveness: CRD’s guidance for those carrying out or
commissioning reviews. University of York, York:
NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination; 2001.
42. Altman D, Andersen P. Calculating the number to
treat for trials where the outcome is time to an
event. BMJ 1999;319:1492–5.
43. Parmar MK, Torri V, Stewart L. Extracting
summary statistics to perform meta-analyses of the
published literature for survival endpoints. Stat
Med 1998;17:2815–34.
44. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman D.
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ
2003;327:557–60.
45. Andre T, Boni C, Mounedji-Boudiaf L, Navarro M,
Tabernero J, Hickish T, et al. Oxaliplatin,
fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment
for colon cancer. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2343–51.
46. Wolmark N, Wieand HS, Kuebler JP, Colangelo L,
Smith RE. A phase III trial comparing FULV to
FULV + oxaliplatin in stage II or III carcinoma of
the colon: results of NSABP Protocol C-07. ASCO
Annual Meeting, 2005; Abstract No. LBA3500.
47. de Gramont A, Boni C, Navarro M, Tabernero J,
Hickish T, Topham C, et al. Oxaliplatin/5FU/LV in
the adjuvant treatment of stage II and stage III
colon cancer: efficacy results with a median followup
of 4 years. ASCO Gastrointestinal Cancers
Symposium – Colon and Rectum, 2005; Abstract
No. 167.
48. de Gramont A. Oxaliplatin/5FU/LV in the adjuvant
treatment of stage II and stage III colon cancer:
efficacy results with a median follow-up of 4 years.
Presented at ASCO Gastrointestinal Cancers
Symposium – Colon and Rectum, 2005.
49. de Gramont A, Boni C, Navarro M, Tabernero J,
Hickish T, Topham C, et al. Oxaliplatin/5FU/LV in
the adjuvant treatment of stage II and stage III
colon cancer: efficacy results with a median followup
of 4 years. ASCO Annual Meeting, 2005;
Abstract No. 3501.
50. de Gramont A, Boni C, Navarro M, Tabernero J,
Hickish T, Topham C, et al. Oxaliplatin/5FU/LV in
stage II and III colon cancer: updated results (as of January 04) for efficacy and neurotoxicity of the
MOSAIC trial. Ann Oncol 2004;15:275PD.
51. de Gramont A. MOSAIC adjuvant trial. Colorectal
Cancer Update 2004;3:1–3.
52. de Gramont A, Banzi M, Navarro M, Tabernero J,
Hickish T, Bridgewater J, et al. Oxaliplatin/5FU/LV
in adjuvant colon cancer: results of the
international randomized MOSAIC trial. Onkologie
2003;26:Abstract No. 1015.
53. de Gramont A, Boni C, Navarro M, Tabernero J,
Hickish T, Topham C, et al. Oxaliplatin/5-FU/LV
in adjuvant colon cancer: safety results of the
international randomized MOSAIC trial. Onkologie
2002;25:Abstract No. 525.
54. Hickish T, Boni C, Navarro M, Tabernero J,
Topham C, Bonetti A, et al. FOLFOX4 as adjuvant
treatment for stage II colon cancer (CC):
subpopulation data from the MOSAIC trial. J Clin
Oncol 2004;22:Abstract No. 3619.
55. Hickish T, Boni C, Tabernero J, Clingan P,
Colucci G, Nowacki M, et al. Oxaliplatin/5-
fluorouracil/leucovorin in stage II and III colon
cancer: updated results of the international
randomized MOSAIC trial. ASCO Gastrointestinal
Cancers Symposium – Colon and Rectal Cancers
2004; Abstract No. 211.
56. Hickish T, Boni C, Navarro M, Tabernero J,
Bonetti A, Clingan P, et al. Stage II patients in the
MOSAIC trial evaluating oxaliplatin/5FU/LV as
adjuvant treatment of colon cancer: a
subpopulation analysis. Ann Oncol 2004;15:284P.
57. Sanofi-Synthelabo. Eloxatin™ (oxaliplatin for
injection) prescribing information 2004. URL:
http://www.eloxatin.com/eloxatinpi.pdf. Accessed
1 March 2005.
58. Tabah-Fisch I, Maindrault-Goebel F, Benavides M,
Zaniboni A, Bigelow R, Bleiberg H.
Oxaliplatin/5FU/LV is feasible, safe and active in
elderly colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. ASCO
Annual Meeting, 2002; Abstract No. 556.
59. Topham C, Boni C, Navarro M, Hickish T,
Tabernero J, Bonetti A, et al. Multicenter
international randomized study of
oxaliplatin/5FU/LV (folfox) in stage II and III
colon cancer (MOSAIC trial): final results. Eur J
Cancer 2003;1:S324–5.
60. Wolmark N. A phase III trial comparing FULV to
FULV + oxaliplatin in stage II or III carcinoma of
the colon: results of NSABP Protocol C-07.
Presented at ASCO Annual Meeting, 2005.
61. de Gramont A, Schmoll HJ, Cervantes A,
Tournigand C. The evolving role of oxaliplatin in
the management of colorectal cancer. Colorectal Dis
2003;5:10–19.
62. Maung K, Chu E, Jain VK. Update on adjuvant
trials in the treatment of high-risk colorectal
cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2004;3:211–14.
63. National Cancer Institute. National Cancer
Institute physician data query (PDQ) database
phase III study of fluorouracil and leucovorin
calcium with or without oxaliplatin in patients with
Stage II or III carcinoma of the colon. URL:
http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/NSABP-C-07,
2005. Accessed 21 June 2005.
64. Smith RE, Colangelo L, Wieand S, Kuebler JP,
Pazdur R, Begovic M, et al. The occurrence of
severe enteropathy among patients with stage
II/III resected colon cancer (CC) treated with
5-FU/leucovorin (FL) plus oxaliplatin (FLOX).
Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003;22:Abstract No. 1181.
65. Coppola FS, Arca R, Ferro A, Delfino C, Blajman
C, Richardet E, et al. A Phase III trial (colo-oxalad)
of adjuvant therapy for very high risk colon
cancer (CC) patients (PTS) with oxaliplatin
(OXA) = bolus 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/folinic acid
(FA): a toxicity report. Onkologie 2002;25:Abstract
No. 656.
66. Scherer RW, Langenberg P, von Elm E. Full
publication of results initially presented in
abstracts. Cochrane Database Methodol Rev 2005;
Issue 2; MR000005.
67. Khan KS, Kunz R, Kleijnen J, Antes G. Systematic
reviews to support evidence-based medicine – how to
review and apply findings of healthcare research.
London: Royal Society of Medicine Press; 2003.
68. Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Hayes RJ, Altman D.
Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of
methodological quality associated with estimates of
treatment effects in controlled trials. JAMA 1995;
273:408–12.
69. Andre T, de Gramont, A. An overview of adjuvant
systemic chemotherapy for colon cancer. Clin
Colorectal Cancer 2004;4:S22–8.
70. Sargent DJ, Wieand S, Benedetti J, Labianca R,
Haller DG, Shepherd LE, et al. Disease-free
survival (DFS) vs. overall survival (OS) as a
primary endpoint for adjuvant colon cancer
studies: Individual patient data from 12,915
patients on 15 randomized trials. J Clin Oncol
ASCO Ann Meet Proc (Post-Meet Ed). 2004;
22:Abstract No. 3502.
71. Flemming TR, DeMets DL. Surrogate endpoints
in clinical trials: are we being misled? Ann Intern
Med 1996;125:605–13.
72. Prentice RL. Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials:
definition and operational criteria. Stat Med 1989;
8:431–40.
73. Mayer RJ. Two steps forward in the treatment of
colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2406–8.
74. Higgins JPT, Green S. Cochrane Handbook for
Systematic Reviews of Interventions 4.2.4 [updated May
2005]. Cochrane Library. 2005.
75. Heritier SR, Gebski V, Keech AC. Inclusion of
patients in clinical trial analysis: the intention-totreat
principle. Med J Aust 2003;179:438–40.
76. Jones B, Jarvis P, Lewis JA, Ebbutt AF. Trials to
assess equivalence: the importance of rigorous
methods. BMJ 1996;313:36–9.
77. Messori A, Becagli P, Trippoli S. Median versus
mean lifetime survival in the analysis of survival
data. Haematologica 1997;82:730.
78. Rougier P, Mitry E, Aranda E, Daniele B,
Labianca R, Carrato A. Elderly colorectal cancer
patients are under treated. Eur J Cancer Suppl
2004;2:8–13.
79. Kohne CH, Grothey A, Bokemeyer C, Bontke N,
Aapro M. Chemotherapy in elderly patients with
colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 2001;12:435–42.
80. Sargent DJ, Goldberg RM, Jacobson SD,
Macdonald JS, Labianca R, Haller DG, et al.
A pooled analysis of adjuvant chemotherapy for
resected colon cancer in elderly patients. N Engl J
Med 2001;345:1091–7.
81. Au HJ, Mulder KE, Fields ALA. Systematic review
of management of colorectal cancer in elderly
patients. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2003;3:165–71.
82. Mahoney T, Kuo YH, Topilow A, Davis JM. Stage
III colon cancers: why adjuvant chemotherapy is
not offered to elderly patients. Arch Surg 2000;
135:182–5.
83. Schrag D, Cramer LD, Bach PB, Begg CB. Age
and adjuvant chemotherapy use after surgery for
stage III colon cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001;
93:850–7.
84. Chau I, Cunningham D. Adjuvant therapy in
colon cancer: current status and future directions.
Cancer Treat Rev 2002;28:223–36.
85. Sundararajan V, Mitra N, Jacobson JS, Grann VR,
Heitjan DF, Neugut AI. Survival associated with
5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy
among elderly patients with node-positive colon
cancer. Ann Intern Med 2002;136:349–57.
86. Maxwell-Armstrong C, Scholefield J. Colorectal
cancer. Clin Evid 2004;11:562–70.
87. Gill S, Loprinzi CL, Sargent DJ, Thorne SD,
Alberts SR, Haller DG, et al. Pooled analysis of
fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy for stage II
and III colon cancer: who benefits and by how
much? J Clin Oncol 2004;22:1797–806.
88. Andre T, Louvet C, Gamelin E, Bouche O,
Achille E, Colbert N, et al. Semimonthly versus
monthly regimen of fluorouracil and leucovorin
administered for 24 or 36 weeks as adjuvant
therapy in stage II and III colon cancer: results of
a randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:2896–903.
89. Macdonald JS. Continuous low-dose infusion of
fluorouracil: is the benefit worth the cost? J Clin
Oncol. 1989;7:412–14.
90. Gill S, Thomas RR, Goldberg RM. Review article:
colorectal cancer chemotherapy. Aliment Pharmacol
Ther 2003;18:683–92.
91. Waters C. Colorectal cancer – drug treatment.
Hosp Pharm 2004;11:179–92.
92. British Oncology Pharmacy Association. External
submission to the National Institute for Health
and Clinical Excellence by the British Oncology
Pharmacy Association. British Oncology Pharmacy
Association, UK; 2005.
93. Louvet C, de Gramont A. Colorectal cancer:
integrating oxaliplatin. Curr Treat Options Oncol
2003;4:405–11.
94. de Gramont A, Cervantes A, Andre T, Figer A,
Lledo G, Flesch M, et al. OPTIMOX study:
FOLFOX 7/LV5FU2 compared to FOLFOX 4 in
patients with advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin
Oncol (Meet Abstr) 2004;22:Abstract No. 3525.
95. Chau I, Cunningham, D. Oxaliplatin for colorectal
cancer in the United States: better late than never.
J Clin Oncol 2003;21:2049–51.
96. Maindrault-Goebel F, Louvet C, Andre T, Carola E,
Lotz JP, Molitor JL, et al. Oxaliplatin added to the
simplified bimonthly leucovorin and 5-fluorouracil
regimen as second-line therapy for metastatic
colorectal cancer (FOLFOX6). GERCOR. Eur J
Cancer 1999;35:1338–42.
97. Maindrault-Goebel F, de Gramont A, Louvet C,
Andre T, Carola E, Mabro M, et al. High-dose
intensity oxaliplatin added to the simplified
bimonthly leucovorin and 5-fluorouracil regimen
as second-line therapy for metastatic colorectal
cancer (FOLFOX 7). Eur J Cancer 2001;37:1000–5.
98. Andre T, Figer A, Cervantes A, Lledo G, Flesch M,
Maindrault-Goebel F, et al. FOLFOX7 compared
to FOLFOX4. Preliminary results of the
randomized OPTIMOX study. Proc Am Soc Clin
Oncol 2003;22:Abstract No. 1016.
99. Cersosimo RJ. Oxaliplatin-associated neuropathy:
a review. Ann Pharmacother 2005;39:128–35.
100. Cassidy J, Misset JL. Oxaliplatin-related side
effects: characteristics and management. Semin
Oncol 2002;29:11–20.
101. Grothey A. Oxaliplatin – safety profile:
neurotoxicity. Semin Oncol 2003;30:5–13.
102. Rothwell PM. Subgroup analysis in randomised
controlled trial: importance, indications and
interpretation. Lancet 2005;365:176–86.
103. Cook DI, Gebski V, Keech AC. Subgroup analysis
in clinical trials. Med J Aust 2004;180:289–91.
104. International Multicentre Pooled Analysis of B2
Colon Cancer Trials (IMPACT B2) Investigators.
Efficacy of adjuvant fluorouracil and folinic acid in
B2 colon cancer. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:1356–63.
105. Mamounas E, Wieand S, Wolmark N, Bear HD,
Atkins JN, Song K, et al. Comparative efficacy of
adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with Dukes’ B
versus Dukes’ C colon cancer: results from four
National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel
Project adjuvant studies (C-01, C-02, C-03, C-04).
J Clin Oncol 1999;17:1349–55.
106. Sakamoto J, Ohashi Y, Hamada C, Buyse M,
Burzykowski T, Piedbois P. Meta-Analysis Group of
the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and
Rectum; Meta-Analysis Group in Cancer. Efficacy
of oral adjuvant therapy after resection of
colorectal cancer: 5-year results from three
randomized trials. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:484–92.
107. Figueredo A, Charette ML, Maroun J,
Brouwers MC, Zuraw L. Adjuvant therapy for
stage II colon cancer: a systematic review from the
Cancer Care Ontario Program in Evidence-based
Care’s Gastrointestinal Cancer Disease Site Group.
J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:3395–407.
108. Twelves C, Wong A, Nowacki MP, Abt M,
Burris H III, Carrato A, et al. Capecitabine as
adjuvant treatment for stage III colon cancer.
N Engl J Med 2005;352:2696–704.
109. Scheithauer W, McKendrick J, Begbie S, Borner M,
Burns, WI, Burris HA, et al. Oral capecitabine as
an alternative to i.v. 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant
therapy for colon cancer: safety results of a
randomized, phase III trial. Ann Oncol 2003;
14:1735–43.
110. Cassidy J, Twelves C, Nowacki M, Borner M,
Cervantes A, Diaz-Rubio E, et al. Improved safety
of capecitabine versus bolus 5-fluorouracil/
leucovorin (LV) as adjuvant therapy for colon
cancer (the X-ACT phase III study). Presented at
ASCO Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium –
Colon and Rectal Cancers, 2004.
111. Cassidy J, Koralewski P, Husseini F, Twelves C.
Analysis of post-study chemotherapy in patients
(pts) enrolled in the X-ACT phase III trial of
capecitabine (X) vs. bolus 5-FU/LV as adjuvant
therapy for Dukes C colon cancer: no differences
in treatment arms that could influence survival
outcome. ASCO Annual Meeting – Gastrointestinal
(Colorectal) Cancer Session, 2005; Abstract No.
3586.
112. Cassidy J, Scheithauer W, McKendrick J,
Kroning H, Nowacki MP, Seitz JF, et al., on behalf
of X-act Study Investigators. Capecitabine (X) vs
bolus 5-FU/leucovorin (LV) as adjuvant therapy for
colon cancer (the X-ACT study): efficacy results of
a phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:Abstract No.
3509.
113. Cassidy, J. The Xeloda® in Adjuvant Colon Cancer
Therapy Trial. Colorectal Cancer Update 2004;1–3.
114. Diaz-Rubio E, Burris H, Douillard JY, Coxon FY,
Maughan T, Bertetto O, et al., on behalf of the
X-Act Study Group. Safety of capecitabine (X)
compared to fluorouracil/leucovorin (5-FU/LV) for
the adjuvant treatment of elderly colon cancer
patients (pts). J Clin Oncol, 2004 ASCO Ann Meet
Proc (Post-Meet Ed). 2004;22:Abstract No. 3737.
115. Douillard JY, Twelves C, McKendrick J, Bertetto O,
Coxon F, Diaz-Rubio E, et al. Pharmacoeconomic
analysis of capecitabine in the adjuvant setting.
Results from the X-ACT trial comparing
capecitabine with 5-FU/LV in patients with Dukes’
C colon cancer. Ann Oncol 2004;15:274PD.
116. McKendrick JJ, Cassidy J, Chakrapee-Sirisuk S,
Fountzilas G, Iveson T, Jelic S, et al. Capecitabine
(X) is resource saving compared with i.v. bolus
5-FU/LV in adjuvant chemotherapy for Dukes’ C
colon cancer patients: medical resource utilization
(MRU) data from a large phase III trial (X-ACT).
J Clin Oncol 2004;22:Abstract No. 3578.
117. McKendrick J. Capecitabine (X) is resource saving
compared with i.v. bolus 5-FU/LV in adjuvant
chemotherapy for Dukes’ C colon cancer patients:
medical resource utilization (MRU) data from a
large phase III trial (X-ACT). Presented at ASCO
Annual Meeting, 2004.
118. McKendrick J, Cassidy J, Van Hazel G, Twelves C,
Wong A, Nowacki M, et al. Positive efficacy results
of the X-ACT phase III trial of capecitabine (X) vs.
bolus 5-FU/LV as adjuvant therapy for patients
(pts) with Dukes’ C colon cancer. Ann Oncol 2004;
15:276PD.
119. Nowacki M, Kroening H, Cervantes A, Husseini F,
McKendrick J, Schuller J, et al. Improved safety of
capecitabine vs bolus 5-FU/leucovorin (LV) as
adjuvant therapy for colon cancer (the X-ACT
phase III study). Eur J Cancer 2003;1:S326.
120. Rough A, MacLeod A, Cassidy J, McDonald L.
Questionnaire audit assessing compliance in colon
cancer patients (pts) taking adjuvant capecitabine
(X) as part of the X-ACT trial. Ann Oncol 2004;
Suppl. 3:Abstract 283P.
121. Twelves C, Wong A, Nowacki M, Cassidy J,
Cervantes A, Koralewski P, et al., on behalf of
X-ACT Study Investigators. Improved safety
results of a ph III trial of capecitabine vs bolus 5-
FU/leucovorin (LV) as adjuvant therapy for colon
cancer (the X-ACT Study). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol
2003;22:Abstract No. 1182.
122. Twelves C, Wong A, Nowacki M, McKendrick J,
Van Hazel G, Douillard J, et al. Updated efficacy
findings from the X-ACT phase III trial of
capecitabine (X) vs. bolus 5-FU/LV as adjuvant
therapy for patients (pts) with Dukes? C colon
cancer. ASCO Annual Meeting – Gastrointestinal
(Colorectal) Cancer Session, 2005; Abstract No.
3521.
123. Lassere Y, Hoff P. Management of hand–foot
syndrome in patients treated with capecitabine
(Xeloda). Eur J Oncol Nurs 2004;8 Suppl 1:S31–40.
124. Juni P, Altman D, Egger M. Assessing the quality
of controlled clinical trials. BMJ 2001;323:42–6.
125. Kirby A, Gebski V, Keech AC. Determining the
sample size in a clinical trial. Med J Aust 2002;
177:256–7.
126. Walko CM. Capecitabine: a review. Clin Ther 2005;
27:23–44.
127. Gerbrecht BM. Current Canadian experience with
capecitabine: partnering with patients to optimize
therapy. Cancer Nurs 2003;26:161–7.
128. Marse H, Van Cutsem E, Grothey A, Valverde S.
Management of adverse events and other practical
considerations in patients receiving capecitabine
(Xeloda). Eur J Oncol Nurs 2004;8:S16–30.
129. Marshall JL. New therapies in the adjuvant setting
for colon cancer. Business Briefing: North American
PharmacoTherapy 2004;2:99–100.
130. Faithfull S, Deery P. Implementation of
capecitabine (Xeloda) into a cancer centre: UK
experience. European Journal of Oncology Nursing
2004;8 Suppl 1:S54–62.
131. Allegra C, Sargent DJ. Adjuvant therapy for colon
cancer – the pace quickens. N Engl J Med 2005;
352:2746–8.
132. Saltz L. Advances in the management of colorectal
cancer: Proceedings from ASCO 2004. URL:
http://professional.cancerconsultants.com/
conferencecoverage.aspx?id=31094. Accessed
1 June 2005.
133. Borner MM, Schoffski P, de Wit R, Caponigro F,
Comella G, Sulkes A, et al. Patient preference and
pharmacokinetics of oral modulated UFT versus
intravenous fluorouracil and leucovorin: a
randomised crossover trial in advanced colorectal
cancer. Eur J Cancer 2002;38:349–58.
134. Liu G, Franssen E, Fitch MI, Warner E. Patient
preferences for oral versus intravenous palliative
chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:110–15.
135. Payne SA. A study of quality of life in cancer
patients receiving palliative chemotherapy. Soc Sci
Med 1992;35:1505–9.
136. Efficace F, Bottomley A, Vanvoorden V, Blazeby JM.
Methodological issues in assessing health-related
quality of life of colorectal cancer patients in
randomised controlled trials. Eur J Cancer 2004;
40:187–97.
137. Chau I, Cunningham D. Chemotherapy in
colorectal cancer: new options and new challenges.
Br Med Bull 2002;64:159–80.
138. Chau I, Norman AR, Cunningham D, Tait D,
Ross PJ, Iveson T, et al. A randomised comparison
between 6 months of bolus fluorouracil/leucovorin
and 12 weeks of protracted venous infusion
fluorouracil as adjuvant treatment in colorectal
cancer. Ann Oncol 2005;16:549–57.
139. Poplin EA, Benedetti J, Estes N, Haller DG,
Mayer RJ, Goldberg RM, et al. Phase III Southwest
Oncology Group 9415/Intergroup 0153
randomized trial of fluorouracil, leucovorin, and
levamisole versus fluorouracil continuous infusion
and levamisole for adjuvant treatment of stage III
and high-risk stage II colon cancer. J Clin Oncol
2005;23:1819–25.
140. Saini A, Norman AR, Cunningham D, Chau I,
Hill M, Tait D, et al. Twelve weeks of protracted
venous infusion of fluorouracil (5- FU) is as
effective as 6 months of bolus 5-FU and folinic
acid as adjuvant treatment in colorectal cancer.
Br J Cancer 2003;88:1859–65.
141. Sobrero AF. Scheduling of fluorouracil: a forgetme-
not in the jungle of doublets. J Clin Oncol
2004;22:4–6.
142. QUASAR Collaborative Group. Comparison of
fluorouracil with additional levamisole, higherdose
folinic acid, or both, as adjuvant
chemotherapy for colorectal cancer: a randomised
trial. Lancet 2000;355:1588–96.
143. Sanofi-Aventis. Sanofi-Aventis sponsor submission to
the National Institute for Health and Clinical
Excellence: Eloxatin® (oxaliplatin) for the adjuvant
treatment of colon cancer. Sanofi-Aventis, UK; 2005.
144. Drummond MF, Sculpher MJ, Torrance GW,
O’Brien BJ, Stoddart, GL. Methods for the economic
evaluation of health care programmes. 3rd ed. Oxford:
Oxford University Press; 2005.
145. Koperna T, Semmler D. Innovative
chemotherapies for stage III colon cancer: A costeffectiveness
study. Hepatogastroenterology 2003;
50:1903–9.
146. Aballea S, Chancellor J, Raikou M, Drummond M,
Weinstein M, Brouard R, et al. Cost-effectiveness
analysis of oxaliplatin/5-FU/LV in adjuvant
treatment of colon cancer in the US. ASCO
Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium – Colon and
Rectum, 2005; Abstract No. 194.
147. Douillard JY, Twelves C, McKendrick JJ, Bertetto O,
Diaz-Rubio E, Duffour J, et al. Pharmacoeconomic
analysis of oral capecitabine in the adjuvant
setting. Results from the X-ACT trial comparing
capecitabine with i.v. 5-FU/LV in patients with
Duke’s C colon cancer. Poster presented at the
European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO)
Congress; October–November 2004, Vienna;
Poster No. 274.
148. Monz BU, Konig HH, Leidl R, Staib L, Link KH.
Cost-effectiveness of adding folinic acid to
fluorouracil plus levamisole as adjuvant
chemotherapy in patients with colon cancer in
Germany. PharmacoEconomics 2003;21:709–19.
149. Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Macdonald JS,
Haller DG, Laurie JA, Tangen C, et al.
Fluorouracil plus levamisole as effective adjuvant therapy after resection of stage III colon
carcinoma. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:321–6.
150. Ramsey SD, Andresen MR, Etzioni R, Moinpour C,
Peacock S, Potosky A, et al. Quality of life in
survivors of colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 2000;
88:1294–303.
151. Department of Health. National tariff, 2005–06,
2004. URL: http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/09/
15/32/04091532.xls. Accessed 12 January 2005.
152. Gelber RD, Goldhirsch A, Cole BF, Wieand HS,
Schroeder G, Krook JE. A quality-adjusted time
without symptoms or toxicity (Q-TWiST) analysis
of adjuvant radiation therapy and chemotherapy
for resectable rectal cancer. J Nat Cancer Inst 1996;
88:1039–45.
153. Department of Health. NHS reference costs 2003
and national tariff 2004 (payment by results core
tools 2004), 2004. URL: http://www.dh.gov.uk/
assetRoot/04/07/01/16/04070116.xls. Accessed
12 January 2005.
154. Sanofi-Aventis. Addendum to Sanofi-Aventis
submission to the National Institute for Health and
Clinical Excellence: Eloxatin® (oxaliplatin) for the
adjuvant treatment of colon cancer. Sanofi-Aventis,
UK; 2005.
155. Lloyd Jones M, Hummel S, Bansback N, Orr B,
Seymour M. A rapid and systematic review of the
evidence for the clinical effectiveness and costeffectiveness
of irinotecan, oxaliplatin and
raltitrexed for the treatment of advanced
colorectal cancer. Health Technol Assess 2001;5(25).
156. Government Actuary’s Department. Interim life
tables for England and Wales (2001–2003), 2005.
URL: http://www.gad.gov.uk. Accessed 1 June 2005.
157. Medical Research Council. Fluorouracil, oxaliplatin
and irinotecan: use and sequencing (FOCUS): clinical
protocol. London: Medical Research Council; 2003;
CR08.
158. Tournigand C, Andre T, Achille E, Lledo G,
Flesh M, Mery-Mignard D, et al. FOLFIRI followed
by FOLFOX6 or the reverse sequence in advanced
colorectal cancer: a randomized GERCOR study.
J Clin Oncol 2004;22:229–37.
159. Staib L, Link KH, Blatz A, Beger HG. Surgery of
colorectal cancer: surgical morbidity and five- and
ten-year results in 2400 patients – monoinstitutional
experience. World J Surg 2002;26:59–66.
160. McDermott FT, Hughes ESR, Pihl E, Milne BJ,
Price AB. Comparative results of surgical
management of single carcinomas of the colon
and rectum: a series of 1939 patients managed by
one surgeon. Br J Surg 1981;68:850–5.
161. Pihl E, Hughes ESR, McDermott FT, Milne BJ,
Korner JMN, Price AB. Cancer specific long-term
survival. A series of 615 patients treated by one
surgeon. Ann Surg 1980;192:114–17.
162. Smith RE, Colangelo L, Wieand HS, Begovic M,
Wolmark N. Randomized trial of adjuvant therapy
in colon carcinoma: 10-year results of NSABP
protocol C-01. J Nat Cancer Inst 2004;96:1128–32.
163. Ferlay J, Bray F, Sankila R, Parkin DM. EUCAN:
Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence in the
European Union 1998, version 5.0. IARC Cancer
Base No. 4. Lyon: IARC Press, 1999.
164. Quinn M, Babb P. Cancer trends in England and
Wales 1950–1999. No. 66. Stationery Office:
London; 2001.
165. Curtis L, Netten A. Unit costs of health and social
care. Canterbury: University of Kent; 2004.
166. Boland A, Haycox A, Bagust A, Fitzsimmons L.
A randomised controlled trial to evaluate the
clinical and cost-effectiveness of Hickman line
insertions in adult cancer patients by nurses.
Health Technol Assess 2003;7(36).
167. Netten A, Dennett J, Knight J. Unit costs of health
and social care. Canterbury: PSSRU, 1999.
168. Renehan AG, O’Dwyer ST, Whynes DK. Cost
effectiveness analysis of intensive versus
conventional follow up after curative resection for
colorectal cancer. BMJ 2004;328:81.
169. Primrose J, Mant D. FACS – a randomised
controlled trial to access the cost-effectiveness of
intensive versus scheduled follow-up in patients
who have undergone resection for colorectal
cancer with curative intent. Trial protocol.
University of Southampton, 2004.
170. Hospital episode statistics (2003/04), 2004. URL:
http://www.hesonline.nhs.uk/. Accessed 12 January
2005.
171. Aventis Pharma Ltd. Submission to the National
Institute for Clinical Excellence on Campto (irinotecan)
for advanced colorectal cancer – irinotecan, oxaliplatin
and raltitrexed (review). Aventis Pharma Ltd, UK;
2004.
172. Smith RD, Hall J, Gurney H, Harnett PR.
A cost–utility approach to the use of 5-fluorouracil
and levamisole as adjuvant chemotherapy for
Dukes’ C colonic carcinoma. Med J Aust 1993;
158:319–22.
173. Norum J, Vonen B, Olsen JA, Revhaug A. Adjuvant
chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil and levamisole) in
Dukes’ B and C colorectal carcinoma: a costeffectiveness
analysis. Ann Oncol 1997;8:65–70.
174. Ness RM, Holmes AM, Klein R, Dittus R. Utility
valuations for outcome states of colorectal cancer.
Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:1650–7.
175. Ramsey SD, Berry K, Moinpour C, Giedzinska A,
Andersen MR. Quality of life in long-term
survivors of colorectal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol
2002;97:1228–34.
176. Petrou S, Campbell N. Stabilisation in colorectal
cancer. Int J Palliat Nurs 1997;3:275–80.
177. Chau I, Legge S, Fumoleau P. The vital role of
education and information in patients receiving
capecitabine (Xeloda). Eur J Oncol Nurs 2004;
8 Suppl 1:S41–53.
178. Berg D. Oxaliplatin: a novel platinum analog with
activity in colorectal cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum
2003;30:957–66.
179. Gerbrecht BM, Kangas T. Implications of
capecitabine (Xeloda) for cancer nursing practice.
Eur J Oncol Nurs 2004;8 Suppl 1:S63–71.
180. Corner J. The role of nurse-led care in cancer
management. Lancet Oncol 2003;4:631–6.
181. Partridge AH, Avorn J, Wang PS, Winer EP.
Adherence to therapy with oral antineoplastic
agents. J Nat Cancer Inst 2002;94:652–61.
182. Saltz LB, Niedzwiecki D, Hollis D, Goldberg RM,
Hantel A, Thomas JP, et al. J Clin Oncol 2004 ASCO
Annu Meet Proc (Post-Meet Ed) 2004;22:Abstract No.
3500.
183. Van Cutsem E, Labianca D, Hossfield G, Bodoky A,
Roth E, Aranda B, et al. Randomised phase III
trial comparing infused irinotecan/5-fluorouracil
(F) in stage III colon cancer (pts). ASCO Annual
Meeting – Gastrointestinal (Colorectal) Cancer,
2005; Abstract No. LBA8.
184. Ychou M, Raoul J, Douillard R, Bugat L, Mineur F,
Viret Y, et al. A phase III randomised trial of
LV5FU2+CPT-11 vs. LV5FU2 alone in adjuvant
high risk colon cancer (FNCLCC
Accord02/FFCD9802). ASCO Annual Meeting –
Gastrointestinal (Colorectal) Cancer; 2005;
Abstract No. 3502.
185. Glynne-Jones R. CHRONICLE – chemotherapy or
no chemotherapy in clear margins after
neoadjuvant chemoradiation in locally advanced
rectal cancer. A randomised phase III trial of
control vs capecitabine plus oxaliplatin: trial
protocol. Cancer Research UK & UCL Cancer
Trials Centre, 2005.
186. Matasar MJ, Sundararajan V, Grann VR, Neugut AI.
Management of colorectal cancer in elderly
patients – focus on the cost of chemotherapy.
Drugs Aging 2004;21:113–33.
187. Schmoll HJ, Tabernero J, Nowacki M, Maroun J,
Figer A, Price T, et al. Early safety findings from a
phase III trial of capecitabine plus oxaliplatin
(XELOX) vs bolus 5-FU/LV as adjuvant therapy for
patients with stage III colon cancer. ASCO Annual
Meeting, 2005; Abstract No. 3523.
188. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Guide to
the methods of technology appraisal (reference N0515).
London: NICE: 2004. URL:
http://www.nice.org.uk/. Accessed 3 June 2005.
189. Abushullaih S, Saad ED, Munsell M, Hoff PM.
Incidence and severity of hand–foot syndrome in
colorectal cancer patients treated with
capecitabine: A single-institution experience.
Cancer Invest 2002;20:3–10.
190. Anonymous. Adjuvant chemotherapy with
oxaliplatin, in combination with fluorouracil plus
leucovorin prolongs disease-free survival, but causes
more adverse events in people with stage II or III
colon cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2004;30:711–13.
191. Anonymous. Oxaliplatin shows significant benefit
over standard therapy in early-stage colon cancer.
Oncology (Huntington) 2004;18:1313.
192. Anonymous. Efficacy, safety, and cost of new
anticancer drugs. Prescrire Int 2003;12:33–5.
193. Arkenau HT, Porschen R. Adjuvant chemotherapy
in curative resected colon carcinoma.
Verdauungskrankheiten 2004;22:208–15.
194. Bleiberg H. Adjuvant therapy in high-risk colon
cancer. Semin Oncol 2000;27:48–59.
195. Borner M, Scheithauer W, Twelves C, Maroun J,
Wilke H. Answering patients’ needs: oral
alternatives to intravenous therapy. Oncologist
2001;6:12–16.
196. Brezault C, Giacchetti S, Zidanli R, Tigaud JM,
Levi F. Continuous chemotherapy in colorectal
cancer. Oncologie 1999;1:304–10.
197. Cascinu S, Labianca R, Daniele B, Beretta G,
Salvagni S. Survival and quality of life in
gastrointestinal tumors: two different end points?
Ann Oncol 2001;12:S31–6.
198. Cascinu S, Munao S, Mare M, Amadio P, Crucitta E,
Picone G. Tolerability profile of platinum drugs.
Tumori 2000;86:S54–5.
199. Conroy T, Blazeby JM. Health-related quality of
life in colorectal cancer patients. Expert Rev
Anticancer Ther 2003;3:493–504.
200. de Gramont A, Andre T, Hickish T. Oxaliplatin in
colon cancer. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1691–2.
201. Dogliotti L, Garufi C, Iacobelli S.
Chronochemotherapy in colorectal cancer. Tumori
2000;86:S32–6.
202. Garufi C, Cristaudo A, Vanni B, Bria E,
Aschelter AM, Santucci B, et al. Skin testing and
hypersensitivity reactions to oxaliplatin. Ann Oncol
2003;14:497–8.
203. Goldberg RM, Saltz L, Grem JL, Lenz HJ,
Ajani JA, Blackstock AW, et al. Oxaliplatin in
colorectal cancer: new data in first-line and
adjuvant therapy. Onkologie 2002;25:1–11.
204. Goodman A. ‘Compelling’ interim data favoring
use of oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer. Oncol Times
2002;24:9–10.
205. Kullmann F. Capecitabin (Xeloda). Padiatr Praxis
2003;63:151–7.
206. Kullmann, F. Capecitabin (Xeloda). Gynakol Praxis
2003;27:351–8.
207. Kullmann F. Capecitabin (Xeloda). Internist Praxis
2003;43:415–21.
208. Labianca R, Fossati R, Zaniboni A, Torri V,
Marsoni S, Nitti D, et al. Randomized trial of
intraportal and/or systemic adjuvant
chemotherapy in patients with colon carcinoma.
J N Cancer Inst 2004;96:750–8.
209. Laino C. Colorectal cancer: oxaliplatin-based
combos improve outcome. Oncol Times 2003;
Special Edition; 4–5.
210. Mandala M, Ferretti G, Barni S. Oxaliplatin in
colon cancer. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1691–2.
211. Maung K, Chu E, Jain VK. Integrating oxaliplatin
and capecitabine in adjuvant therapy of high-risk
colorectal cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2003;
3:150–3.
212. National Horizon Scanning Centre. Oxaliplatin,
irinotecan and capecitabine as adjuvant therapy in
colorectal cancer. 2003. URL:
http://www.pcpoh.bham.ac.uk/publichealth/
horizon/technology.htm. Accessed 1 November
2004.
213. Ragnhammar P, Hafstrom L, Nygren P, Glimelius B.
A systematic overview of chemotherapy effects in
colorectal cancer. Acta Oncol 2001;40:282–308.
214. Reddy GK, Chu E. Efficacy of adjuvant
capecitabine compared with bolus 5-
fluorouracil/leucovrin regimen in Dukes C colon
cancer: results from the X-ACT trial. Clin Colorectal
Cancer 2004;4:87–8.
215. Sorich J, Taubes B, Wagner A, Hochster H.
Oxaliplatin: practical guidelines for
administration. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2004;8:251–6.
216. Thomas RR, Quinn MG, Schuler B, Grem JL.
Hypersensitivity and idiosyncratic reactions to
oxaliplatin. Cancer 2003;97:2301–7.
217. Tisman G, MacDonald D, Shindell N, Reece E,
Patel P, Honda N, et al. Oxaliplatin toxicity
masquerading as recurrent colon cancer. J Clin
Oncol 2004;22:3202–4.
218. Wils J, O’Dwyer P, Labianca R. Adjuvant treatment
of colorectal cancer at the turn of the century
European and US perspectives. Ann Oncol 2001;
12:13–22.
219. Zaniboni A. Adjuvant treatment of colon
carcinoma. Tumori 2000;86:S23–4.
220. Zeuli M, Pino MS, Cognetti F. Capecitabine in the
treatment of colorectal cancer. Tumori 2001;
87:S55–6.
221. Cairns JA, van der Pol MM. The estimation of
marginal time preference in a UK-wide sample
(TEMPUS) project. Health Technol Assess 2000;4(1).
222. Bonistalli L, Bardelli F, Costantini M, Trallori G,
d’Albasio G, Messori A. Adjuvant chemotherapy in
patients with resectable stage III colon cancer:
lifetime cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis.
Cancer 1998;11:39–47.
223. Brown ML, Nayfield SG, Shibley LM. Adjuvant
therapy for Stage III colon cancer: economics
returns to research and cost-effectiveness of
treatment. J Nat Cancer Inst 1994;86:424–30.
224. Jansman FGA, Postma MJ, van Hartskamp D,
Willemse PHB, Brouwers JRBJ. Cost–benefit
analysis of capecitabine versus 5-fluorouracil/
leucovorin in the treatment of colorectal cancer in
the Netherlands. Clin Ther 2004;26:579–89.
225. Macdonald JS. Adjuvant therapy for colon cancer.
CA Cancer J Clin 1997;47:243–56.
226. Messori A, Bonistalli L, Costantini M, Trallori G,
Tendi E. Cost effectiveness of adjuvant intraportal
chemotherapy in patients with colorectal cancer.
J Clin Gastroenterol 1996;23:269–74.
227. Michel P, Merle V, Chiron A, Ducrotte P, Paillot B,
Hecketsweiler P, et al. Postoperative management
of stage II/III colon cancer: a decision analysis.
Gastroenterology 1999;117:784–93.