The Library

Patterns of delayed detection and persistence of bovine tuberculosis in confirmed and unconfirmed herd breakdowns in cattle and cattle herds in Great Britain

Tools

Green, Laura E., Carrique-Mas, J. J., Mason, S. A. (Sam A.) and Medley, Graham. (2012) Patterns of delayed detection and persistence of bovine tuberculosis in confirmed and unconfirmed herd breakdowns in cattle and cattle herds in Great Britain. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Volume 106 (Number 3-4). pp. 266-274. ISSN 0167-5877

Preview

Text
WRAP_Green_250612-for_wrap.pdf - Accepted Version
Download (292Kb) | Preview

Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.04.008

Abstract

Approximately 1500/6000 cattle farms that were depopulated during the foot and mouth epidemic in GB in 2001 had been repopulated and subjected to two unrestricted (herd considered free from bovine tuberculosis (bTB)) herd tests. Factors associated with herd breakdown(s) (HBD) and individual cattle reactor status at the second test were investigated. There were 96 HBD in total, with a 3-fold increased risk of HBD in herds that had had a HBD at the first test after restocking. Two mixed effect models were used to investigate factors associated with 324/246,060 reactor cattle at the second bTB test; 228 reactors were at confirmed HBD and 96 at unconfirmed HBD; 253 (79%) reactors at the second test were present and test negative at the first test. In confirmed HBD, the odds of cattle reacting were higher if the restocked farm had a history of bTB before 2001 and if the source and restocked farms were high frequency tested (HFT) farms (routine bTB tests at ≥1 per 2 years). Reacting cattle were more likely to have been born on the restocked farm before the first test after FMD and less likely to have been purchased from a low frequency tested (LFT) farm (routine bTB tests at 3–4 year intervals) after the first test compared with a baseline of cattle purchased from a LFT farm before the first test. Unconfirmed HBD at the second test was more likely when the first test was a confirmed HBD and when there was a history of bTB in the restocked farm. In contrast to confirmed HBD, cattle purchased from a LFT farm after the first test were at increased risk of reacting at an unconfirmed HBD at the second test.

We conclude that a farm history of bTB suggests persistence of bTB on the farm. Confirmed tests indicate exposure to bTB for some time indicated by the increased risk from HFT source and restocked farms and a farm history of bTB. The risks for reactors are related to the farm and herd and duration of exposure to these risks. Therefore, the spread of bTB to naïve herds would be reduced if farmers only introduced cattle known not to have been in herds and on farms exposed to bTB. Management of bTB on farms with bTB is complicated because there is undisclosed infection in cattle and environmental contamination.

Item Type:

Journal Article

Subjects:

S Agriculture > SF Animal culture

Divisions:

Faculty of Science > Life Sciences (2010- )

Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):

Tuberculosis in cattle -- Transmission

Journal or Publication Title:

Preventive Veterinary Medicine

Publisher:

Elsevier

ISSN:

0167-5877

Official Date:

2012

Dates:

Date	Event
2012	["eprint_fieldopt_dates_date_type_available" not defined]

Volume:

Volume 106

Number:

Number 3-4

Page Range:

pp. 266-274

Identification Number:

10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.04.008

Status:

Peer Reviewed

Publication Status:

Published

Access rights to Published version:

Open Access

Funder:

Great Britain. Dept. for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA)

Grant number:

SE3026 (DEFRA)

References:

Adams. L. G. 2001. In vivo and in vitro diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection. Rev Sci Tech; 20: 304-324.
Blissit, M. 2006. The introduction of pre and postmovement TB testing in Scotland for cattle from high incidence TB areas. Government Veterinary Journal; 16: 58-64.
Carrique-Mas, J. J., Medley, G. F., Green, L. E. 2008. Risks for bovine tuberculosis in British cattle farms restocked after the foot and mouth disease epidemic of 2001. Prev Vet Med 84: 85-93.
Carrique-Mass, J. J. 2007. Epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in cattle herds in Great Britain 2001 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Great Britain. Ph.D. Thesis University of Warwick,
Clegg, T. A. Duignan, A. Whelan, C., Gormley, E., Good, M., Clarke, J., Toft, N., More, S. J. 2011. Using latent class analysis to estimate the test characteristics of the gamma-interferon test, the single intradermal comparative tuberculin the first testnd a multiplex immunoassay under Irish conditions. Vet Micro 151 68-76
Coad, M., Clifford, D., Rhodes, S. G., Hewinson, R. G., Vordermeier, H. M. and Whelan, A.O. 2010. Repeat tuberculin skin testing leads to desensitisation in naturally infected tuberculous cattle which is associated with elevated interleukin-10 and decreased interleukin-1 beta responses Vet. Res. 41:14
Costello, E., Doherty, M., Monaghan, M., Quigley, F., O'Reilly, P. 1998. A study of cattle-to-cattle transmission of Mycobacterium bovis infection. Vet J 155: 245-250.
Costello, E., Egan, J. W., Quigley, F. C., O'Reilly, P. F. 1997. Performance of the single intradermal comparative tuberculin test in identifying cattle with tuberculous lesions in Irish herds. Vet Rec 141: 222-224.
Courtenay. O., Reilly, L., Sweeney, F., Hibberd, V., Bryan, S., Ul-Hassan, A., Newman, C., Macdonald, D., Delahay, R., Wilson, G., Wellington, E. 2006. Is Mycobacterium bovis in the
environment important for the persistence of bovine tuberculosis? Biology Letters 2: 460 - 462.
Davies, G. 2002. The foot and mouth disease (FMD) epidemic in the United Kingdom 2001. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 25: 331-343.
Dohoo, I. R., Martyn, S. W., Stryn, H. 2003. Veterinary Epidemiologic Research. Avc Inc, Charlottetown.
de la Rua-Domenech R, Goodchild AT, Vordermeier HM, Hewinson RG, Christiansen KH, Clifton-Hadley RS (2006) Ante mortem diagnosis of tuberculosis in cattle: a review of the tuberculin tests, gamma-interferon assay and other ancillary diagnostic techniques. Res Vet Sci 81: 190–210
Donnelly, C. A., Woodroffe, R., Cox, D. R., Bourne, F. J., Cheeseman, C. L., Clifton-Hadley, R. S., Wei, G., Gettinby, G., Gilks, P., Jenkins, H., Johnston, W. T., Le Fevre, A. M., McInerney, J. P., Morrison, W. I. 2006. Positive and negative effects of widespread badger culling on tuberculosis in cattle. Nature 439, 843-846.
Enticott, G. Franklin, A. 2009. Biosecurity, Expertise and the Institutional Void: The Case of Bovine Tuberculosis. Sociologia Ruralis 49: 375-93
Francis J. 1947. Bovine tuberculosis, including a contrast with human tuberculosis. Staples Press Ltd, London.
Gilbert, M., Mitchell, A., Bourn, D., Mawdsley, J., Clifton-Hadley, R., Wint, W. 2005. Cattle movements and bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain. Nature 435: 491-496.
Goldstein, H. 2003. Multilevel statistical models.. Third Edition. Arnold, London.
Goodchild, A.V., Clifton-Hadley, R.S. 2001. Cattle-to-cattle transmission of Mycobacterium bovis. Tuberculosis 81: 23-41.
Gopal, R., Goodchild, A., Hewinson, G., de la Rua Domenech, R., Clifton-Hadley, R. 2006Introduction of bovine tuberculosis to north-east England by bought-in cattle. Vet Rec 159: 265-271.
Green, D. M., Kiss, I. Z., Mitchell, A. P., Kao, R. R. 2008. Estimates for local and movement-based transmission of bovine tuberculosis in British cattle. Proc Biol Sci 275: 1001-1005.
Green, L. E., Cornell, S. J. 2005. Investigations of cattle herd breakdowns with bovine tuberculosis in four counties of England and Wales using VetNet data. Prev Vet Med. 70: 293-311.
Green, L.E., Medley, G.F. 2008. Cattle to cattle transmission of bovine tuberculosis: Risk factors and dynamics. Cattle Practice 8: 116-121.
Griffin, J. M., Williams, D. H., Kelly, G. E.. Clegg, T. A., O’Boyle, I. Collins, J.D., More S.J. 2005. The impact of badger removal on the control of tuberculosis in cattle herds in Ireland. Prev Vet Med; 67: 237-266.
Johnston WT, Vial F, Gettinby G, Bourne FJ, Clifton-Hadley RS, Cox DR, Crea P, Donnelly CA, McInerney JP, Mitchell AP, Morrison WI, Woodroffe R. 2011. Herd-level risk factors of bovine tuberculosis in England and Wales after the 2001 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic. Int J Infect Dis. (in the press). [Epub ahead of print] http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2011.08.004
Karolemeas, K., McKinley, T.J., Clifton-Hadley, R.S., Goodchild, A.V., Mitchell, A., Johnston, W.T., Conlan, A.J.K, Donnelly, C.A., Wood, J.L.N., 2011. Recurrence of bovine tuberculosis breakdowns in Great Britain: Risk factors and prediction, Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Volume 102, Issue 1, 1 October 2011, Pages 22-29, ISSN 0167-5877, 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.06.004.
Mitchell, A., Bourn, D., Mawdsley, J. Wint, W. Clifton-Hadley, R. and Gilbert, M. 2005. Characteristics of cattle movements in Britain - an analysis of records from the Cattle Tracing System. Animal Science; 80: 1-9.
Monaghan, M. L., Doherty, M. L., Collins, J. D., Kazda, J. F., Quinn, P. J. 1994. The tuberculin test. Vet Microbiol; 40: 111-124.
Neill, S. D., Bryson, D. G., Pollock, J. M. 2001. Pathogenesis of tuberculosis in cattle. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 81: 79-86.
Neill, S.D., Hanna, J., O’Brien, J.J., McCracken, R.M. 1988 Excretion of Mycobacterium bovis by experimentally infected cattle. Veterinary Record 123, 340–343.
Neill, S. D., O'Brien, J. J., Hanna, J. 1991A mathematical model for Mycobacterium bovis excretion from tuberculous cattle. Vet Microbiol; 28: 103-109.
Olea-Popelka, F.J. Costello, E. White, P. McGrath, G. Collins, J.D. O’Keeffe, J.. Kelton, D.F Berke, O. More, S. Martin S.W. 2008. Risk factors for disclosure of additional tuberculous cattle in attested-clear herds that had one animal with a confirmed lesion of tuberculosis at slaughter during 2003 in Ireland. Prev Vet Med; 85: 81-91.
Palmer, M. V., Waters, W. R., Whipple, D. L. 2004. Investigation of the transmission of Mycobacterium bovis from deer to cattle through indirect contact. Am J Vet Res; 65: 1483-1489.
Radunz, B.L., Lepper, A.W.D., 1985. Suppression of reactivity to tuberculin in repeat tests. Aust. Vet. J. 62,191 - 194
Ramirez-Villaescusa A, Medley, G. F., Green, L. E. 2009. Herd and individual animal risks associated with skin test positivity in herds in south west England. Prev. Vet. Med.; 92:188-198.
Reilly LA, Courtenay O. 2007. Husbandry practices, badger sett density and habitat composition as risk factors for transient and persistent bovine tuberculosis on UK cattle farms. Prev Vet Med 80: 129-142.
White, P. C., Benhin, J.K. 2004. Factors influencing the incidence and scale of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in southwest England. Prev Vet Med 2004; 63: 1-7.
Wolfe, D.M.. Berke, O More, S.J. Kelton, D.F., White, P.W.. O’Keeffe J.J, Martin S.W. 2009. The risk of a positive test for bovine tuberculosis in cattle purchased from herds with and without a recent history of bovine tuberculosis in Ireland. Prev. Vet. Med. 92: 99-105.