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Direct and indirect measures of Level-2 perspective-taking in children and adults
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Surtees, Andrew D. R., Butterfill, Stephen A. (Stephen Andrew) and Apperly, Ian A.. (2011) Direct and indirect measures of Level-2 perspective-taking in children and adults. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, Vol.30 (No.1). pp. 75-86. ISSN 0261-510X
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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835X.2011.02063.x
Abstract
Studies with infants show divergence between performance on theory of mind tasks depending on whether direct or indirect measures are used. It has been suggested that direct measures assess a flexible but cognitively demanding ability to reason about the minds of others, whereas indirect measures assess distinct processes which afford more efficient but less flexible theory of mind abilities (Apperly & Butterfill, 2009). This leads to the prediction that performance on indirect measures should be subject to signature limits. The current study tested whether the Level-1/Level-2 distinction might constitute one such limit. The study adapted a task that has shown evidence of Level-1 perspective-taking on both direct and indirect measures (Samson, Apperly, Braithwaite, Andrews, & Bodley-Scott, 2010). The aim was to test Level-2 perspective-taking in a sample of 6- to 11-year-olds (N = 80) and adults (N = 20). Participants were able to make Level-2 judgements on the direct measure. In contrast with the findings from Level-1 perspective-taking, there was no evidence of automatic processing of Level-2 perspectives on the indirect measure. This finding is consistent with the view that theory of mind abilities assessed by indirect measures are subject to signature limits. The Level-1/Level-2 distinction, suitably refined, marks one way in which efficient but inflexible theory of mind abilities are limited.
| Item Type: | Journal Article |
|---|---|
| Divisions: | Faculty of Social Sciences > Philosophy |
| Journal or Publication Title: | British Journal of Developmental Psychology |
| Publisher: | The British Psychological Society |
| ISSN: | 0261-510X |
| Date: | 2011 |
| Volume: | Vol.30 |
| Number: | No.1 |
| Page Range: | pp. 75-86 |
| Identification Number: | 10.1111/j.2044-835X.2011.02063.x |
| Status: | Peer Reviewed |
| Publication Status: | Published |
| Access rights to Published version: | Restricted or Subscription Access |
| URI: | http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/47831 |
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