The Library

Predictors of employment in bipolar disorder : a systematic review

Tools

Gilbert, Eleanor and Marwaha, Steven. (2013) Predictors of employment in bipolar disorder : a systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol.145 (No.2). pp. 156-164. ISSN 0165-0327

Preview

Text
WRAP_Marwaha_Predictors of employment in BD A systematic review.pdf - Accepted Version
Download (673Kb) | Preview

Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.07.009

Abstract

Background
Severe work impairment can be present for a considerable proportion of the course of bipolar disorder (BD) and is costly for governments, services and individuals. Understanding predictors of employment in BD is therefore crucial as some may be susceptible to interventions. We conducted a systematic review of prospective studies in order to identify predictors of employment in people with BD.

Methods
We searched Medline, PsychInfo, EMBASE and Web of Science databases, hand searched 3 journals and used predetermined criteria to select papers for full text inclusion. Sixty seven papers were identified. Nine met inclusion criteria, with a total sample of 3184.

Results
Studies included in this review identified cognitive deficits (67%, n=4), depression (43%, n=3) and level of education (33%, n=2) as predictors of employment in BD patients. Bipolar depression not only affects whether someone is employed but also time off work. Even sub-syndromal depression appears to damage employment prospects. Verbal memory and executive functioning appear to be predictors of work functioning.

Limitations
Conclusions are based on a relatively small number of studies and are therefore subject to change with the addition of further studies. A formal meta-regression was not possible due to differences between measures of employment and work functioning.

Conclusions
Better assessment and management of depression and cognitive difficulties could improve the occupational functioning of BD patients. There is a need for high quality longitudinal studies specifically designed to investigate predictors of employment in large bipolar disorder samples.

Item Type:

Journal Article

Subjects:

R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine

Divisions:

Faculty of Medicine > Warwick Medical School > Health Sciences > Mental Health and Wellbeing
Faculty of Medicine > Warwick Medical School

Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):

Manic-depressive illness -- Patients -- Employment

Journal or Publication Title:

Journal of Affective Disorders

Publisher:

Elsevier Science BV

ISSN:

0165-0327

Official Date:

20 February 2013

Dates:

Date	Event
20 February 2013	Published

Volume:

Vol.145

Number:

No.2

Page Range:

pp. 156-164

Identification Number:

10.1016/j.jad.2012.07.009

Status:

Peer Reviewed

Publication Status:

Published

Access rights to Published version:

Restricted or Subscription Access

References:

1. Bonnín, C.M., Martínez-Arán, A., Torrent, C., Pacciarotti, I., Rosa, A.R., Franco, C., Murru, A., Sanchez-Moreno, J., Vieta, E., 2010. Clinical and neurocognitive predictors of functional outcome in bipolar euthymic patients: A long-term, follow-up study. J. Affect. Disord. 121(1-2), 156-160.
2. Burdick, K.E., Goldberg, J.F., Harrow, M., 2010. Neurocognitive dysfunction and psychosocial outcome in patients with bipolar l disorder at 15 year follow-up. Acta. Psychiatr. Scand. 122(6), 499-506.
3. Calabrese, J.R., Hirschfeld, R.M., Reed, M., Davies, M.A., Frye, M.A., Keck, P.E., Lewis, L., McElroy, S.L., McNulty, J.P., Wagner, K.D., 2003. Impact of bipolar disorder on a US community sample. J. Clin. Psychiatry 64, 425-432.
4. Carlson, G.A., Kotin, J., Davenport, Y.B., Adland, M., 1974. Follow-up of 53 manic-depressive patients. Br. J. Psychiatry 124(579), 134-139.
5. Clement, S., Singh, S.P., Burns, T., 2003. Status of bipolar disorder research. Bibliometric study. Br. J. Psychiatry 182, 148-152.
6. Coryell, W., Scheftner, W., Keller, M., Endicott, J., Maser, J., Klerman, G.L., 1993. The enduring psychosocial consequences of mania and depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 150(5), 720-727.
7. Dean, B.B., Gerner, D., Gerner, R.H., 2004. A systematic review evaluating health-related quality of life, work impairment and healthcare costs and utilization in bipolar disorder. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 20, 139-154.
8. Delis, D.C., Kramer, F.H., Kaplan, E., Ober, B.A., 1987. The California Verbal Learning test (Manual). Psychological Corps, San Antonio TX
9. Dickerson, F.B., Boronow, J.J., Stallings, C.R., Origoni, A.E., Cole, S., Yolken, R.H., 2004. Association between cognitive functioning and employment status of persons with bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Serv 55(1), 54-58.
10. Dickerson, F., Origoni, A., Stallings, C., Khushalani, S., Dickinson, D., Medoff, D., 2010. Occupational status and social adjustment six months after hospitalization early in the course of bipolar disorder: a prospective study. Bipolar Disord. 12(1), 10-20
11. Dunn, E.C., Wewiorski, N.J., Rogers, E.S.,2008. The meaning and importance of employment to people in recovery from serious mental illness: results of a qualitative study. Psychiatr. Rehabil. J. 32, 59-62.
12. Gilbert, A.M., Olino T.M., Houck, P., Fagiolini ,A., Kupfer, D.J., Frank, E., 2010. Self-reported cognitive problems predict employment trajectory in patients with bipolar l disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 124(3), 324-328.
13. Green, M.F., Kern, R.S., Braff, D.L., Mintz, J., 2000. Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: are we measuring the “right stuff”? Schizophr. Bull. 26(1), 119-136.
14. Goodwin, F.K., Jamison, K.R., 1990. Manic Depressive Illness. Oxford University Press, New York.
15. Goldberg, J.F., Chengappa, K.N., 2009. Identifying and treating cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 11(Suppl.2), 123-137.
16. Hamilton, M., 1960. A rating scale for depression. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 23, 56-62
17. Hammen, C., Gitlin, M., Altshuler, L., 2000. Predictors of work adjustment in bipolar l patients: a naturalistic longitudinal follow-up. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 68(2), 220-225.
18. Hirschfield, R.M., Lewis, L., Vormik, L.A., 2003. Perceptions and impact of bipolar disorder: how far have we really come? Results of the national depressive and manic-depressive association 2000 survey of individuals with bipolar disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 64, 161-174.
19. Huxley, N., Baldessarini, R.J., 2007. Disability and its treatment in bipolar disorder patients. Bipolar Disord. 9, 183-196.
20. Judd, L.L., Akiskal, H.S., Zeller, P.J., Paulus, M., Leon, A.C., Maser, J.D., Endicott, J., Coryell, W., Kunovac, J.L., Mueller, T.I., Rice, J.P., Keller, M.B., 2005. Psychosocial disability during the long-term course of unipolar major depressive disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 57, 375-380.
21. Judd, L.L., Schettler, P.J., Akiskal, H.S., Coryell, W., Leon, A.C., Maser, J.D., Solomon, D.A., 2008. Residual symptom recovery from major affective episodes in bipolar disorders and rapid episode relapse/recurrence. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 65(4), 386-94.
22. Kaersten, I.P., Moser, K., 2009. Unemployment impairs mental health: Meta-analyses. Journal of Vocational Behaviour 74(3), 264-282.
23. Lerner, D., Adler, D.A., Chang, H., Lapitsky, L., Hood, M.Y., Perissinotto, C., Reed, J., McLaughlin, T., Berndt, E.R., Rogers, W.H., 2004. Unemployment, job retention, and productivity loss among employees with depression. Psychiatr. Serv 55(12), 1371-1378.
24. Levinson, D., Lakoma, M.D., Schoenbaum, M., Zaslavsky, A.M., Angermeyer, M., Borges, G., Bruffaerts, R. et al 2010. Associations of serious mental illness with earnings: results from the WHO World Mental Health surveys. Br. J. Psychiatry 197, 114-121.
25. McCrone P, Dhanasiri S, Patel A, Knapp M, Lawton-Smith S (2008) Paying the price. Kings Fund. http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/publications/paying_the_price.html
26. Malhi, G.S., Ivanovski, B., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Mitchell, P.B., Vieta, E., Sachdev, P., 2007. Neuropsychological deficits and functional impairment in bipolar depression, hypomania and euthymia. Bipolar Disord. 9, 114-125.
27. Martínez-Arán, A., Vieta, E., Reinares, M., 2004. Cognitive function across manic or hypomanic, depressed, and euthymic states in bipolar disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, 161, 262-270.
28. Marwaha, S., Johnson, S. 2004. Schizophrenia and employment – a review. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 39(5), 337-349
29. Morselli, P.L , Elgie, R., Cesana, B.M. 2004. GAMIAN-Europe/BEAM survey ll: cross-
national analysis of unemployment, family history, treatment satisfaction and impact of the bipolar disorder on life style. Bipolar Disord. 6, 487-497.
30. Murray, J.L.,Lopez, A.D. 1997. Global Mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 349, 1436-1442
31. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Are all jobs good for your health? The impact of work status and working conditions on mental health. OECD Employment Outlook 2008 chapter 4.
32. Patel, A., Knapp, M., 1998. Costs of mental illness in England. Mental Health Services Research Review 5, 4-10.
33. Reed, C., Goetz, I., Vieta, E., Bassi, M., Haro, J.M., 2010. Work impairment in bipolar disorder patients – results from a two-year observational study (EMBLEM). Eur. Psychiat. 25, 338-334.
34. Robinson, L.J., Thompson, J.M., Gallagher, P., Goswami, U., Young, A.H., Ferrier, I.N., Moore, P.B., 2006. A meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 93, 105-115.
35. Romans, S.E., McPherson, H.M., 1992. The social networks of bipolar affective disorder patients. J. Affect. Disord. 25(4), 221-228.
36. Rosa, A.R., Sánchez-Moreno, J., Martínez-Arán, A., Salamero, M., Torrent, C., Reinares, M., Comes, M., Colom, F., Van Reil, W., Ayuso-Mateos, J.L., Kapczinski, F., Vieta, E., 2007. Validity and reliability of the Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) in bipolar disorder. Clin. Pract. Epidemol. Ment. Health 3(5)
37. Rosa ,A.R., Reinares, M., Franco, C., Comes, M., Torrent, C., Sánchez-Moreno, J., Martínez-Arán, A., Salamero, M., Kapczinski, F., Vieta, E., 2009. Clinical predictors of functional outcome of bipolar patients in remission. Bipolar Disord. 11(4), 401-409.
38. Sánchez-Moreno, J., Martínez-Arán, A., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Tottent, C., Vieta, E., Ayuso-Mateos, J.L., 2009 Functioning and disability in bipolar disorder: an extensive review. Psychother. Psychosom. 78, 285-297.
39. Simon, G.E., Ludman, E.J., Unützer, J., Operskalski, B.H., Bauer, M.S., 2008. Severity of mood symptoms and work productivity in people treated for bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 10, 718-725.
40. Spearing, M.K., Post, R.M., Leverich, G.S., Brandt, D., Nolen, W., 1997. Modification of the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) scale for use in bipolar illness (BI): the CGI-BP. Psychiatry Res. 73, 159-171.
41. Strauss, J.S., Carpenter, W.T. Jr., 1972. The prediction of outcome in schizophrenia. 1. Characteristics of outcome. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 27, 739-746.
42. Stroup, D.F., Berlin, J.A., Morton, S.C., Olkin, I., Williamson, G.D., Rennie, D., Moher, D., Becker, B.J., Sipe, T.A., Thacker, S.B., 2000 Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) group. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 283(15), 2008-2012.
43. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Balanzá-Martínez, V., Sánchez-Moreno, J., Martínez-Arán, A., Salazar-Fraile, J., Selva-Vera, G., Rubio, C., Mata, I., Gómez-Beneyto, M., Vieta, E., 2008. Neurocognitive and clinical predictors of functional outcome in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar l disorder at one-year follow-up. J. Affect. Disord. 109, 286-299.
44. Tohen, M., Hennen, J., Zarate, C.M. Jr., Baldessarini, R.J., Strakowski, S.M., Stoll, A.L., Faedda, G.L., Suppes, T., Gebre-Medhin, P., Cohen, B.M., 2000. Two year syndromal and functional recovery in 219 cases of first-episode major affective disorder with psychotic features. Am. J. Psychiatry 157, 220-228.
45. Tomás, P., Fuentes, I., Roder, V., Ruiz, J.C., 2010. Cognitive rehabilitation programs in schizophrenia: current status and perspectives. Int. J. Psychol. Psychol. Thera. 10(2), 191-204.
46. Weschler, D., 1955. Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale. The Psychological Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio.
47. Wyatt, R.J., Henter, I., 1995. An economic evaluation of manic depressive illness – 1991. Soc. Psychiat. Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 30(5), 213-219.
48. Wykes, T., Reeder, C., 2007. Cognitive remediation therapy in schizophrenia. Randomised control trial. Br. J. Psychiatry 190, 421-427.
49. Yan-Meier, L., Eberhart, N.K., Hammen, C.L., Gitlin, M., Sokolski, K., Altshuler, L., 2011. Stressful life events predict delayed functional recovery following treatment for mania in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res. 186(2-3), 267-271.