1. Modernising NHS Dentistry – implementing the
NHS Plan. London: Department of Health; 2000.
2. Marthaler TM, O’Mullane DM, Vrbic V. The
prevalence of dental caries in Europe 1990–1995.
ORCA Saturday afternoon symposium 1995. Caries
Res 1996;30:237–55.
3. Children’s Dental Health in the United Kingdom 2003.
Obvious decay experience in children’s teeth: preliminary
findings. London: Department of Health; 2004.
4. Third National Health and Nutrition Examination
survey (NHANES III). National Center for Health
Statistics, Department of Health and Human
Services. URL: from:http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/
about/major/nhanes/datalink.htm#NHANESIII.
Accessed July 2004.
5. Sweeney PC, Nugent Z, Pitts NB. Deprivation and
dental caries status of 5-year-old children in
Scotland. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1999;
27:152–9.
6. Murray JJ, Pitts NB. Trends in oral health.
In: Pine CM, editor. Community oral health. Oxford:
Butterworth Heinemann; 1996. pp. 126–46.
7. Office for Population Censuses and Surveys.
Children’s dental health in the United Kingdom 1993.
London: HMSO; 1994.
8. Kelly M, Walker A. Adult Dental Health Survey: oral
health in the United Kingdom 1998. London:
Department of Health; 2000.
9. Ekstrand KR, Ricketts DNJ, Kidd EAM, Qvist V,
Schou S. Detection, diagnosing, monitoring and
logical treatment of occlusal caries in relation to
lesion activity and severity: an in vivo examination
with histological validation. Caries Res 1998;
32:247–54.
10. Ricketts DN, Kidd EA, Liepins PJ, Wilson RF.
Histological validation of electrical resistance
measurements in the diagnosis of occlusal caries.
Caries Res 1996;30:148–55.
11. Chestnutt IG, Schafer F, Jacobson AP, Stephen KW.
The influence of toothbrushing frequency and postbrushing
rinsing on caries experience in a caries
clinical trial. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1998;
26:406–11.
12. Beal JF, James PM, Bradnock G, Anderson RJ.
The relationship between dental cleanliness, dental
caries incidence and gingival health. A longitudinal
study. Br Dent J 1979;146:111–14.
13. Lewis DW, Ismail AI. Periodic health examination,
1995 update: 2. Prevention of dental caries. The
Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health
Examination. CMAJ 1995;152:836–46.
14. Kidd E, Nyvad B. Caries control for the individual
patient. In: Fejerskov O, Kidd E, editors. Dental
caries: the disease and its clinical management. Oxford:
Blackwell Munksgaard; 2003. pp. 303–11.
15. Kleijnen J, McDonagh M, Misso K, Whiting P,
Wilson P, Chestnutt I, et al. Fluoridation of drinking
water: a systematic review of its efficacy and safety. CRD
Report 18. York: NHS Centre for Reviews and
Dissemination; 2000.
16. McDonagh MS, Whiting PF, Wilson PM, Sutton AJ,
Chestnutt I, Cooper J, et al. Systematic review of
water fluoridation. BMJ 2000;321:855–9.
17. Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A.
Fluoride varnishes for preventing dental caries in
children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2002; Issue 1. Art. No. CD002279. DOI
10.1002/14651858.CD002279.
18. Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A.
Fluoride gels for preventing dental caries in
children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2002; Issue 1. Art. No. CD002280. DOI
10.1002/14651858.CD002280.
19. Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A.
Topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels or
varnishes) for preventing dental caries in children
and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;
Issue 4. Art. No. CD002782. DOI
10.1002/14651858.CD002782.
20. Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A.
Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in
children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2003; Issue 1. Art. No. CD002278. DOI
10.1002/14651858.CD002278.
21. Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A.
Fluoride mouth rinses for preventing dental caries
in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst
Rev 2003; Issue 3. Art. No. CD002284. DOI
10.1002/14651858.CD002284.
22. Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A. One
topical fluoride (toothpastes, or mouth rinses, or
gels, or varnishes) versus another for preventing
dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane
Database Syst Rev 2004; Issue 1. Art. No. CD002780.
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002780.pub2.
23. Clarkson JE, Ellwood RP, Chandler RE. A
comprehensive summary of fluoride dentifrice
caries clinical trials. Am J Dent 1993;6 (Special No.):
S59–106.
24. Biesbrock AR, Gerlach RW, Bollmer BW, Faller RV,
Jacobs SA, Bartizek RD. Relative anti-caries efficacy
of 1100, 1700, and 2800 ppm fluoride ion in a
sodium fluoride dentifrice over 1 year. Community
Dent Oral Epidemiol 2001;29:382–9.
25. Ripa LW. A critique of topical fluoride methods
(dentifrices, mouthrinses, operator-applied, and
self-applied gels) in an era of decreased caries and
increased fluorosis prevalence. J Public Health Dent
1991;1:23–41.
26. Bader JD, Shugars DA, Bonito AJ. A systematic
review of selected caries prevention and
management methods. Community Dent Oral
Epidemiol 2001;29:399–411.
27. Ellwood R, Fejerskov O. Clinical use of fluoride.
In Fejerskov O, Kidd E, editors. Dental caries: the
disease and its clinical management. Oxford: Blackwell
Munksgaard; 2003. pp. 189–222.
28. Diagnosis and management of dental caries throughout
life. NIH Consensus Statement 26–28 March
2001;18(1):1–30.
29. Handelman SL. Effect of sealant placement on
occlusal caries progression. Clinical Preventive
Dentistry 1982;4(5):11–16.
30. Mertz-Fairhurst EJ, Curtis JW Jr, Ergle JW,
Rueggeberg FA, Adair SM. Ultraconservative and
cariostatic sealed restorations: results at year 10.
J Am Dent Assoc 1998;129:55–66.
31. Ripa LW. Sealants revisited: an update of the
effectiveness of pit-and-fissure sealants. Caries Res
1993;27 Suppl 1:77–82.
32. Ahovuo-Saloranta A, Hiiri A, Nordblad A,
Worthington HV, Makela M. Pit and fissure sealants
for preventing dental decay in the permanent teeth
of children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst
Rev 2004; Issue 3. Art. No. CD001830. DOI
10.1002/14651858.CD001830.pub2.
33. Dental Practice Board. Dental review of the general
and personal dental services of the NHS. 2002–2003
[monograph on the Internet]. URL:
http://www.dpb.nhs.uk/. Accessed July 2004.
34. Verhagen AP. The Delphi list: a criteria list for
quality assessment of randomized clinical trials for
conducting systematic reviews developed by the
Delphi consensus. J Clin Epidemiol 1998;
51:1235–41.
35. Holmes J. Clinical reversal of root caries using
ozone, double-blind, randomised, controlled
18-month trial. Gerodontology 2003;20:106–14.
36. Baysan A, Lynch E. Management of root caries
using ozone. KaVo Dental Ltd website.
URL: http://www.kavo.com/forum/upfiles/4/
Db84539.pdf. Accessed April 2004.
37. Abu-Naba’a LA. Management of primary occlusal pit
and fissure caries using ozone [PhD thesis]. Queen’s
University Belfast; 2003.
38. Abu-Salem O. Reversal of occlusal caries in primary
teeth [MPhil thesis]. Queen’s University Belfast;
2004.
39. Holmes J. Ozone treatment of root caries after
18-months. IADR/AADR/CADR 82nd Annual
Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, March 2004
[conference proceedings on the Internet].
URL: http://iadr.confex.com/iadr/2004Hawaii/
techprogram/abstract_47251.htm.
40. Holmes J. Ozone treatment of root caries after 21-
months. BSDR Annual Scientific Meeting,
Birmingham, UK, April 2004 [Conference
proceedings on the Internet]. URL:
http://iadr.confex.com/iadr/bsdr04/techprogram/
abstract_49444.htm.
41. Baysan A, Lynch E. Clinical reversal of root caries
using ozone. IADR/AADR/CADR 80th Annual
Conference, San Diego, California, March 2002
[conference proceedings on the internet].
URL: http://iadr.confex.com/iadr/2002SanDiego/
techprogram/abstract_20439.htm.
42. Baysan A. Management of primary root caries using
ozone therapies [PhD Thesis]. University of London;
2002.
43. Baysan A, Lynch E. 12-month assessment of ozone
on root caries. 81st Annual Conference of IADR,
Goteborg, Sweden, June 2003 [conference
proceedings on the Internet].
URL: http://iadr.confex.com/iadr/2003Goteborg/
techprogram/abstract_36145.htm.
44. Baysan A, Lynch E. Clinical assessment of ozone
on root caries. IADR/AADR/CADR 82nd Annual
Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, March 2004
[conference proceedings on the Internet].
URL: http://iadr.confex.com/iadr/2004Hawaii/
techprogram/abstract_47326.htm.
45. Abu-Naba’a LA, Al Shorman HM, Stevenson M,
Lynch E. Ozone treatment of pit and fissure caries:
6-month results. 32nd Annual Meeting of AADR,
San Antonio, Texas, March 2003 [conference
proceedings on the Internet].
URL: http://iadr.confex.com/iadr/2003SanAnton/
techprogram/abstract_27269.htm.
46. Abu-Naba’a LA, Al Shorman HM, Lynch E. Ozone
treatment of primary occlusal pit and fissure caries:
12 month clinical severity changes. Caries Res 2003;
37:272.
47. Abu-Naba’a LA, Al Shorman HM, Lynch E. Ozone
treatment of primary occlusal pit and fissure caries:
12 month electrical impedance results and clinical
implications. Caries Res 2003;37:272.
48. Abu-Naba’a LA, Al Shorman HM. 6-months fissure
sealant retention over ozone-treated occlusal caries.
IADR/AADR/CADR 82nd Annual Conference,
Honolulu, Hawaii, March 2004 [conference
proceedings on the Internet].
URL: http://iadr.confex.com/iadr/2004Hawaii/
techprogram/abstract_45125.htm.
49. Abu-Naba’a LA, Al Shorman HM, Lynch E. Ozone
management of occlusal pit & fissure caries (PFC): 12
month review. DentalOzone website. London: Dental
Clinique. URL: http://www.dentalozone.co.uk/
research4.html.
50. Abu-Naba’a LA, Al Shorman HM, Lynch E. Ozone
efficacy in the treatment of pit and fissure caries.
J Dent Res 2003;82(Special Issue C):C-535.
51. Abu-Naba’a LA, Al Shorman HM, Lynch E. Clinical
indices changes in ozone treatment of pit and
fissure caries. 32nd Annual Meeting of AADR, San
Antonio, Texas, March 2003 [conference
proceedings on the Internet].
URL: http://iadr.confex.com/iadr/2003SanAnton/
techprogram/abstract_27273.htm.
52. Abu-Naba’a LA, Al Shorman HM, Lynch E.
6-month clinical indices changes after ozone
treatment of pit and fissure caries (PFC). 81st
Annual Conference of IADR, Goteberg, Sweden,
June 2003 [conference proceedings on the
Internet]. URL: http://iadr.confex.com/iadr/
2003Goteborg/techprogram/abstract_35236.htm.
53. Holmes J, Lynch E. Reversal of occlusal caries using
air abrasion, ozone and sealing. IADR/AADR/CADR
82nd Annual Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, March
2004 [conference proceedings on the Internet].
URL: http://iadr.confex.com/iadr/2004Hawaii/
techprogram/abstract_47218.htm.
54. Holmes J. Clinical reversal of occlusal pit and
fissure caries using ozone. 81st Annual Conference
of the International Association for Dental
Research, Goteberg, Sweden, June 2003.
55. Hamid A. Clinical reversal of occlusal pit and
fissure caries using ozone. IADR/AADR/CADR 82nd
Annual Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, March 2004
[conference proceedings on the Internet]. URL:
from: http://iadr.confex.com/iadr/2004Hawaii/
techprogram/abstract_47414.htm.
56. Megighian GD, Bertolini L. In-vivo reversal of
occlusal caries with ozone after six months.
DentalOzone website. London: Dental Clinique.
URL: http://www.dentalozone.co.uk/research8.html.
Accessed August 2004.
57. Lynch E, Johnson J, Johnson J. Clinical reversal of
root caries using ozone. DentalOzone website. London:
Dental Clinique.
URL: http://www.dentalozone.co.uk/research7.html.
Assessed August 2004.
58. Kuhnisch J, Ziehe A, Brandstadt A, Heinrich-
Weltzien R. An in vitro study of the reliability of
DIAGNOdent measurements. J Oral Rehabil 2004;
31:895–9.
59. Macfarlane TV, Worthington HV. Some aspects of
data analysis in dentistry. Community Dent Health
1999;16:216–19.
60. Rickard GD, Richardson R, Johnson T, McColl D,
Hooper L. Ozone therapy for the treatment of
dental caries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;
Issue 3. Art. No. CD004153. DOI
10.1002/14651858.CD004153.pub2.
61. Drummond M, O’Brien B, Stoddard G, Torrance
G. Critical assessment of economic evaluation. Methods
for the economic evaluation of health care programmes.
Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1997.
pp. 27–51.
62. Johnson N, Johnson J, Lynch E. Cost benefit
assessment of a novel ozone delivery system vs
conventional treatment. 32nd Annual Meeting of
AADR, San Antonio, Texas, March 2003
[conference proceedings on the Internet].
URL: http://iadr.confex.com/iadr/2003SanAnton/
techprogram/abstract_27588.htm.
63. Domingo H, Holmes J, Abu-Naba’a LA,
Al Shorman HM, Baysan A, Freeman R.
Economic savings treating root caries with ozone.
DentalOzone website. URL:
www.dentalozone.co.uk/research6.html. Accessed
August 2004.
64. Amendment 92 to the Statement of Dental Remuneration
[document on the Internet]. UK Department of
Health. URL: http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/
04/08/11/28/04081128.pdf. Accessed July 2004.
65. General dental services statistics. Dental Practice
Board website. URL: http://www.dpb.nhs.uk/gds/
index.shtml. Assessed July 2004.
66. NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. Dental
restorations: what type of filling? Effective Health
Care 1999;5(2):1–12.
67. Florio FM, Pereira AC, Meneghim MC, Ramacciato
JC. Evaluation of non-invasive treatment applied to
occlusal surfaces. Journal of Dentistry for Children
2001;68:326–31.
68. Qvist V, Laurberg L, Poulsen A, Teglers PT.
Eight-year study on conventional glass ionomer and
amalgam restorations in primary teeth. Acta Odontol
Scand 2004;62:37–45.
69. Vilkinis V, Horsted-Bindslev P, Baelum V. Two-year
evaluation of class II resin-modified glass ionomer
cement/composite open sandwich and composite
restorations. Clinical Oral Investigation
2000;4:133–9.
70. Qvist V, Laurberg L, Poulsen A, Teglers PT.
Longevity and cariostatic effects of everyday
conventional glass-ionomer and amalgam
restorations in primary teeth: three-year results.
J Dent Res 1997;76:1387–96.
71. Baysan A, Lynch E. Effect of ozone on the oral
microbiota and clinical severity of primary root
caries. American Journal Dentistry 2004;17:56–60.
72. Morrison R, Lynch E. Remineralization of occlusal
pit and fissure caries after using ozone. 32nd
Annual Meeting of AADR, San Antonio, Texas,
March 2003 [conference proceedings on the
Internet]. URL: from:http://iadr.confex.com/iadr/
2003SanAnton/techprogram/abstract_27482.htm.
73. Stinson P, Al Shorman HM, Abu-Naba’a LA.
Lynch E. Clinical reversal of occlusal pit and fissure
caries after using ozone. 32nd Annual Meeting of
AADR, San Antonio, Texas, March 2003
[conference proceedings on the Internet].
URL: http://iadr.confex.com/iadr/2003SanAnton/
techprogram/abstract_27499.htm.
74. Cronshaw MA. Treatment of primary occlusal pit
and fissure caries with ozone: six-month results.
81st Annual Conference of the International
Association for Dental Research, Goteberg, Sweden,
June 2003 [conference proceedings on the
Internet]. URL: http://iadr.confex.com/iadr/
2003Goteborg/techprogram/abstract_34889.htm.
75. Domingo H, Abu-Naba’a LA, Al Shorman HM,
Holmes J, Marashdeh M, Abu-Salem O, et al.
Reducing barriers to care in patients managed with
ozone. 32nd Annual Meeting of AADR, San
Antonio, Texas, March 2003 [conference
proceedings on the Internet].
URL: http://iadr.confex.com/iadr/2003SanAnton/
techprogram/abstract_27392.htm.
76. Holmes J, Lynch E. Clinical reversal of occlusal
fissure caries using ozone. 81st Annual Conference
of the International Association for Dental
Research, Goteberg, Sweden, June 2003
[conference proceedings on the Internet].
URL: http://iadr.confex.com/iadr/2003Goteborg/
techprogram/abstract_36308.htm.
77. Megighian GD, Bertolini L, De Pieri A, Lynch E.
In-vivo treatment of occlusal caries with ozone:
one and two months effect with light induced
fluorescence (QLF) as diagnostic methods. 81st
Annual Conference of the International Association
for Dental Research, Goteberg, Sweden, June 2003
[conference proceedings on the Internet]. URL:
http://iadr.confex.com/iadr/2003Goteborg/
techprogram/abstract_36918.htm.
78. Healozone Users Congresses. July 2003 [document
on the Internet]. HealOzone website.
URL: http://www.the-o-zone.cc/O3cong.doc.
Accessed April 2004.
79. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Guide to
the methods of technology appraisal (reference N0515).
London: NICE, 2004.
80. Primary dental care services in England & Wales
[document on the Internet]. London: Audit
Commission; 2002. URL: http://www.auditcommission.
gov.uk/. Assessed August 2004.
81. NHS Dentistry: next steps in local commissioning
[document on the Internet]. London: UK
Department of Health; 2004.
URL: http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/
04/08/68/59/04086859.pdf. Accessed
August 2004.
82. Axelsson P, Nystrom B, Lindhe J. The long-term
effect of a plaque control program on tooth
mortality, caries and periodontal disease in adults.
Results after 30 years of maintenance. J Clin
Periodontol 2004;31:749–57.
83. Moher D, Schulz KF, Altman D, for the CONSORT
Group. The CONSORT statement: revised
recommendations for improving the quality of
reports of parallel-group randomized trials. JAMA
2001;285:1987–91.