ICCD Study Group (Including: Armstrong, Natalie, Baines, Darrin L., Baker, Richard H., Crossman, Richard, Davies, Melanie, Hardy, Ainsley, Khunti, Kamlesh, Kumar, Sudhesh, O'Hare, J. Paul, Raymond, Neil T., Saravanan, Ponnusamy, Stallard, Nigel, Szczepura, Ala and Wilson, Andrew). (2012) A cluster randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of Intermediate Care Clinics for Diabetes (ICCD) : study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, Vol.13 (No.1). p. 164. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-13-164

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Abstract

Background
World-wide healthcare systems are faced with an epidemic of type 2 diabetes. In the United Kingdom, clinical care is primarily provided by general practitioners (GPs) rather than hospital specialists. Intermediate care clinics for diabetes (ICCD) potentially provide a model for supporting GPs in their care of people with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes and in their management of cardiovascular risk factors. This study aims to (1) compare patients with type 2 diabetes registered with practices that have access to an ICCD service with those that have access only to usual hospital care; (2) assess the cost-effectiveness of the intervention; and (3) explore the views and experiences of patients, health professionals and other stakeholders.

Methods/Design
This two-arm cluster randomized controlled trial (with integral economic evaluation and qualitative study) is set in general practices in three UK Primary Care Trusts. Practices are randomized to one of two groups with patients referred to either an ICCD (intervention) or to hospital care (control).

Intervention group: GP practices in the intervention arm have the opportunity to refer patients to an ICCD - a multidisciplinary team led by a specialist nurse and a diabetologist. Patients are reviewed and managed in the ICCD for a short period with a goal of improving diabetes and cardiovascular risk factor control and are then referred back to practice.

or

Control group: Standard GP care, with referral to secondary care as required, but no access to ICCD.

Participants are adults aged 18 years or older who have type 2 diabetes that is difficult for their GPs to control. The primary outcome is the proportion of participants reaching three risk factor targets: HbA1c (≤7.0%); blood pressure (<140/80); and cholesterol (<4 mmol/l), at the end of the 18-month intervention period. The main secondary outcomes are the proportion of participants reaching individual risk factor targets and the overall 10-year risks for coronary heart disease(CHD) and stroke assessed by the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) risk engine. Other secondary outcomes include body mass index and waist circumference, use of medication, reported smoking, emotional adjustment, patient satisfaction and views on continuity, costs and health related quality of life. We aimed to randomize 50 practices and recruit 2,555 patients.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Subjects:	R Medicine > RC Internal medicine
Divisions:	Faculty of Medicine > Warwick Medical School
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):	Non-insulin-dependent diabetes -- Treatment
Journal or Publication Title:	Trials
Publisher:	Biomed Central
ISSN:	1745-6215
Official Date:	2012
Dates:	Date Event 2012 Published
Volume:	Vol.13
Number:	No.1
Page Range:	p. 164
DOI:	10.1186/1745-6215-13-164
Status:	Peer Reviewed
Publication Status:	Published
Access rights to Published version:	Open Access
Funder:	National Institute for Health Research (Great Britain) (NIHR), NHS Leicester City, Thames Valley Diabetes Local Research Network (TVDLRN), National Institute for Health Research (Great Britain). West Midlands (South) Comprehensive Local Research Network (CLRN), DIERT charity
Grant number:	SDO/110/2005 (NIHR)

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