Ji, Chen, Sykes, Lindsay, Paul, Christina, Dary, Omar, Legetic, Branka, Campbell, Norm R. C. and Cappuccio, Francesco (2012) Systematic review of studies comparing 24-hour and spot urine collections for estimating population salt intake. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, Vol.32 (No.4). pp. 307-315. doi:10.1590/S1020-49892012001000010

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Abstract

Objective. To examine the usefulness of urine sodium (Na) excretion in spot or timed urine samples to estimate population dietary Na intake relative to the gold standard of 24-hour (h) urinary Na.
Methods. An electronic literature search was conducted of MEDLINE (from 1950) and
EMBASE (from 1980) as well as the Cochrane Library using the terms “sodium,” “salt,” and
“urine.” Full publications of studies that examined 30 or more healthy human subjects with
both urinary Na excretion in 24-h urine and one alternative method (spot, overnight, timed)
were examined.
Results. The review included 1 380 130 participants in 20 studies. The main statistical
method for comparing 24-h urine collections with alternative methods was the use of a correlation coefficient. Spot, timed, and overnight urine samples were subject to greater intraindividual and interindividual variability than 24-h urine collections. There was a wide range
of correlation coefficients between 24-h urine Na and other methods. Some values were high,
suggesting usefulness (up to r = 0.94), while some were low (down to r = 0.17), suggesting a
lack of usefulness. The best alternative to collecting 24-h urine (overnight, timed, or spot) was
not clear, nor was the biological basis for the variability between 24-h and alternative methods.
Conclusions. There is great interest in replacing 24-h urine Na with easier methods to assess dietary Na. However, whether alternative methods are reliable remains uncertain. More
research, including the use of an appropriate study design and statistical testing, is required
to determine the usefulness of alternative methods.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Divisions:	Faculty of Medicine > Warwick Medical School > Biomedical Sciences > Translational & Experimental Medicine > Metabolic and Vascular Health (- until July 2016) Faculty of Medicine > Warwick Medical School
Journal or Publication Title:	Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
Publisher:	World Heath Organisation
ISSN:	1020-4989
Official Date:	2012
Dates:	Date Event 2012 Published
Volume:	Vol.32
Number:	No.4
Page Range:	pp. 307-315
DOI:	10.1590/S1020-49892012001000010
Status:	Peer Reviewed
Publication Status:	Published

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