1. Squires, T.M.; Quake, S.R. Microfluidics: fluid physics at the nanoliter scale. Rev. Mod. Phys. 2005, 77, 977–1026.
2. Bringer, M.R.; Gerdts, C.J.; Song, H.; Tice, J.D.; Ismagilov, R.F. Microfluidic systems for chemical kinetics that rely on chaotic mixing in droplets. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A. 2004, 362, 1087–1104.
3. Weibel, D.B.; Whitesides, G.M. Applications of microfluidics in chemical biology. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2006, 10, 584–591.
4. Breslauer, D.N.; Lee, P.J.; Lee, L.P. Microfluidics-based system biology. Mol. Biosyst. 2006, 2, 97–112.
5. Hong, J.; Edel, J.B.; deMello, A.J. Micro-and nanofluidic systems for high-throughput biological screening. Drug Discovery Today. 2009, 14, 134–146.
6. Sato, K.; Mawatari, K.; Kitamori, T. Microchip-based cell analysis and clinical diagnosis system. Lab Chip. 2008, 8, 1992–1998.
7. Gardeniers, J.G.E.; Berg, A.v.d. Lab-on-a-chip systems for biomedical and environmental monitoring. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2004, 378, 1700–1703.
8. Harrison, D.J.; Fluri, K.; Seiler, K.; Fan, Z.; Effenhauser C.S.; Manz, A. Micromachining a miniaturized capillary electrophoresis-based chemical analysis system on a chip. Science 1993, 261, 895–897.
9. Andersson, H.; Berg, A.v.d. Microtechnologies and nanotechnologies for single-cell analysis. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2004, 15, 44–49.
10. Marcus, J.S.; Anderson W.F.; Quake S.R. Parallel picoliter RT-PCR assays using microfluidics. Anal. Chem. 2006, 78, 956–958.
11. Tice, J.D.; Song, H.; Lyon, A.D.; Ismagilov, R.F. Formation of droplets and mixing in multiphase microfluidics at low values of the Reynolds and the capillary numbers. Langmuir. 2003, 19, 9127–9133.
12. Huebner, A.; Srisa-Art, M.; Holt, D.; Abell, C.; Hollfelder, F.; deMello, A.J.; Edel, J.B. Quantitative detection of protein expression in single cells using droplet microfluidics. Chem. Commun. 2007, 1218–1220.
13. Kelly, B.T.; Baret J.C.; Taly, V.; Griffiths, A.D. Miniaturizing chemistry and biology in microdroplets. Chem. Commun. 2007, 1773–1788.
14. Truong, T.Q.; Nguyen, N.T. A polymeric piezoelectric micropumps based on lamination technology. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2003, 14, 632–638.
15. Cho, S.K.; Moon, H.; Kim, C.J. Creating, transporting, cutting, and merging liquid droplets by electrowetting-based actuation for digital microfluidic circuits. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2003, 1270–1280.
16. Lacharme, F.; Gijs, M.A.M. Pressure injection in continuous sample flow electrophoresis microchips. Sens. Actuator. A. 2006, 117, 384–390.
17. Darabi, J.; Rada, M.; Ohadi, M.; Lawler, J. Design, fabrication, and testing of an electrohydrodynamic ion-drag micropump. J. Microelectomech. Syst. 2002, 11, 684–690.
18. Jones, T.B. Liquid dielectrophoresis on the microscale. J. Electrostat. 2001, 51/52, 290–299
19. Pollack, M.G.; Fair, R.B.; Shenderov, A.D. Electrowetting-based actuation of liquid droplets for microfluidic applications. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2000, 77, 1725–1727.
20. Pollack, M.G.; Shenderov, A.D.; Fair, R.B. Electrowetting-based actuation of droplets for integrated microfluidics. Lab Chip. 2002, 2, 96
21. Torkkeli, A.; Saarilahti, J.; Haara, A.; Harma, H.; Soukka, T.; Tolonen, P. Electrostatic transportation of water droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces In The 14th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems: MEMS 2001, Interlaken, Switzerland, January 2001; pp. 475–478.
22. Mugele F.; Herminghaus, S. Electrostatic stabilization of fluid microstructures. App. Phys. Lett. 2002, 81, 2303–2305.
23. Linder, V.; Sia, S.K.; Whitesides, G.M. Reagent-loaded cartridges for valveless and automated fluid delivery in microfluidic devices. Anal. Chem. 2005, 77, 64–71.
24. Marmottant, P.; Hilgenfeldt, S. A bubble-driven microfluidic transport element for bioengineering. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2004, 101, 9523–9527.
25. Jun, T.K.; Kim, C.J. Valveless pumping using traversing vapor bubbles in microchannels. J. Appl. Phys. 1998, 83, 5658–5664.
26. Huh, D.; Tkaczyk, A.H.; Bahng, J.H.; Chang, Y.; Wei, H.H.; Grotberg, J.B.; Kim, C.J.; Kurabayashi, K.; Takayama, S.J. Reversible switching of high-speed air-liquid two-phase flows using electrowetting-assisted flow-pattern change. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 14678–14679.
27. Gallardo, B.S.; Gupta, V.K.; Eagerton, F.D.; Jong, L.I.; Craig, V.S.; Shah R.R.; Abbott, N.L. Electrochemical principles for active control of liquids on submillimeter scales. Science 1999, 283, 57–60.
28. Green, N.G.; Ramos, A.; Gonzalez, A.; Morgan, H.; Castellanos, A. Fluid flow induced by nonuniform ac electric field in electrolytes on microelectrodes: I. Experimental measurements. Phys. Rev. E. 2000, 61, 4011–4018.
29. Brown, A.B.; Smith, C.G.; Rennie, A.R. Pumping of water with ac electric fields applied to asymmetric pairs of microelectrodes. Phys. Rev. E. 2000, 63, 16305
30. Moorthy, J.; Mensing, G.A.; Kim, D.; Mohanty, S.; Eddington, D.T.; Tepp, W.H.; Johnson, E.A.; Beebe, D.J. Microfluidic tectonics platform: A colorimetric, disposable botulinum toxin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system. Electrophoresis 2004, 25, 1705–1713.
31. Zhu, X.; Phadke, N.; Chang, J.; Cho, B.; Huh, D.; Takayama, S. Gravity-Driven Microfluidic Pump with a Steady Flow Rate. In Proceedings of the Micro Total Analysis Systems. Nara, Japan, November 2002; pp. 151–153.
32. Huh, D.; Wei, H.H.; Kripfgans, O.D.; Fowlkes, J.B.; Grotberg, J.B.; Takayama, S. Gravity-Driven Microhydrodynamics-Based Cell Sorter (microHYCS) for Rapid, Inexpensive, and Efficient Cell Separation and Size-Profiling. In Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE-EMBS Special Topics Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine & Biology, Madison, WI, USA, May 2002; pp. 466–469.
33. Su, Y.C.; Lin, L.W. A water-powered micro drug delivery system. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2004, 13. 75–82.
34. Su, Y.C.; Lin, L.W.; Pisano, A.P. A water-powered osmotic microactuator. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2002, 11, 736–742.
35. Effenhauser, C.S.; Harttig, H.; Kramer, P. An evaporating-based disposable micropump concept for continuous monitoring applications. Biomed. Microdevices. 2002, 4, 27–32.
36. Eddington, D.T.; Beebe, D.J.; A valved responsive hydrogel microdispensing device with integrated pressure source. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2004, 13, 586–593.
37. Brian T.; Christopher, N.; Davis, R.H. An effervescent reaction micropump for portable microfluidic systems. Lab Chip. 2006, 6, 659–666.
38. Bien, D.C.S.; Mitchell, S.J.N.; Gamble, H.S.; Fabrication and characterization of a micromachined passive valve. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2003, 13, 557–562.
39. Nguyen, N.T.; Truong, T.Q.; Wong, K.K.; Ho, S.S.; Low-N, C.L. Micro check valves for integration into polymeric microfluidic devices. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2004, 14, 69–75.
40. Bien, D.C.S.; Mitchell, S.J.N.; Gamble, H.S. Fabrication and characterization of a micromachined passive valve. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2003, 13, 557–562.
41. Yamahata, C.; Lacharme, F.; Burri, Y.; Gijs, M.A.M. A ball valve micropump in glass fabricated by powder blasting. Sens. Actuator. B. 2005, 110, 1–7.
42. Pan, T.; McDonald S.J.; Kai E.M.; Ziaie, B. A magnetically driven PDMS micropump with ball check-valves. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2005, 15, 1021–1026.
43. Stemme, E.; Stemme, G. A valveless diffuser/nozzle-based fluid pump. Sens. Actuator. A. 1993, 39, 159–167.
44. Gerlach, T. Microdiffusers as dynamic passive valves for micropump applications. Sens. Actuator. A. 1998, 69, 181–191.
45. Andersson, H.; Wijngaart, W.v.d.; Nilsson, P.; Enoksson, P.; Stemme, G. A valve-less diffuser micropump for microfluidic analytical systems. Sens. Actuator. B. 2001, 72, 259–265.
46. Jang, W.I.; Choi, C.A.; Jun, C.H.; Kima, Y.T.; Esashi, M. Surface micromachined thermally driven micropump. Sens. Actuator. A. 2004, 115, 151–158.
47. Koch, M.; Evans A.G.R.; Brunnschweiler A. The dynamic micropump driven with a screen printed PZT actuator. J. Micromech. Microeng. 1998, 8, 119–122.
48. Morris, C.J.; Forster, F.K. Low-order modeling of resonance for fixed-valve micropumps based on first principles pump. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2003, 12, 325–334.
49. Feldt, C.; Chew, L. Geometry-based macro-tool evaluation of non-moving-part valvular microchannels. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2002, 12, 662–669.
50. Yamada, M.; Seki, M. Nanoliter-sized liquid dispenser array for multiple biochemical analysis in microfluidic devices. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 895–899.
51. Melin, J.; Roxhed, N.; Gimenez, G.; Griss, P.; Wijngaart, W.v.d.; Stemme, G. A liquid-triggered liquid microvalve for on-chip flow control. Sens. Actuators B. 2004, 100, 463–468.
52. Leu, T.S.; Chang, P.Y. Pressure barrier of capillary stop valves in micro sample separators. Sens. Actuators A. 2004, 115, 508–515.
53. Andersson, H.; Wijngaart, W.v.d.; Griss, P.; Niklaus F.; Stemme, G. Hydrophobic valves of plasma deposited octafluorocyclobutane in DRIE channels. Sens. Actuators B. 2001, 75, 136–141.
54. Andersson, H.; Wijngaart, W.v.d.; Stemme, G. Micromachined filter-chamber array with passive valves for biochemical assays on beads. Electrophoresis 2001, 22, 249–257.
55. Kamholz, A.E.; Weigl, B.H.; Finlayso B.A.; Yager P. Quantitative analysis of molecular interactive in microfluidic channel: the T-sensor. Anal. Chem. 1999, 71, 5340–5347.
56. Kamholz, A.E.; Yager, P. Molecular diffusive scaling laws in pressure-driven microfluidic channels: deviation from one-dimensional Einstein approximations. Sens. Actuators B. 2002, 82, 117–121.
57. Ismagilov, R.F.; Stroock, A.D.; Kenis, P.J.A.; Whitesides G. M.; Stone, H. A. Experimental and theoretical scaling laws for transverse diffusive broadening in two-phase laminar flows in microchannels. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2000, 76, 2376–2378.
58. Veenstra, T.T.; Lammerink, T.S.J.; Elwenspoek, M.C.; Berg, A.v.d. Characterization method for a new diffusion mixer applicable in micro flow injection analysis systems. J. Micromech. Microeng. 1999, 9, 199–202.
59. Jackman, R.J.; Floyd, T.M.; Ghodssi, R.; Schmidt M.A.; Jensen, K.F. Microfluidic systems with on-line UV detection fabricated in photodefineable epoxy. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2001, 11, 263–269.
60. Koch, M.; Witt, H.; Evans, A.G.R.; Brunnschweiler, A. Improved characterization technique for micromixers. J. Micromech. Microeng. 1999, 9, 156–158.
61. Wang, H.; Iovenitti, P.; Harvey, E.; Masood, S. Optimizing layout of obstacles for enhanced mixing in microchannels. Smart Mater. Struct. 2002, 11, 662–667.
62. Johnson, T.J.; Ross, D.; Locascio, L.E. Rapid microfluidic mixing. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 45–51.
63. Stroock, A.D.; Dertinger, S.K.W.; Ajdari, A.; Mezi, I.; Stone, H.A.; Whitesides, G.M. Chaotic mixer for microchannels. Science 2002, 295, 647–651.
64. Yager, P.; Brody, J.P. Diffusion-based extraction in a microfabricated device. Sens. Actuator. 1997, 58, 13–18.
65. Wu, R.G.; Yang, C.S.; Wang, P.C.; Tseng, F.G. Nanostructured pillars based on vertically aligned carbon nanotubes as the stationary phase in micro-CEC. Electrophoresis 2009, 30, 2025–2031.
66. Wu, R.G.; Yang, C.S.; Lian, C.K.; Chieng, C.C.; Tseng, F.G. Dual-Asymmetry Electrokinetic Flow (DAEKF) Focusing for Pre-concentration and Analysis of Catecholamines in CEEC Nanochannels. Electrophoresis 2009, 12, 2025.
67. Sharma, N.R.; Lukyanov, A.; Bardell, R.L.; Seifried, L.; Shen, M. Development of an evaporation-based microfluidic sample concentrator. In Proceedings of the SPIE, Boston, MA, USA, January 2008, 6886, 68860R1–9.
68. Atencia, J.; Beebe, D.J. Controlled microfluidic interfaces. Nature 2005, 437, 648–655.
69. Huebner, A.; Sharma, S.; Srisa-Art, M.; Hollfelder, F.; Edel, J.B.; deMello, A.J. Microdroplets: a sea of applications? Lab Chip. 2008, 8, 1244–1254.
70. Teh, S.Y.; Lin, R.; Hung, L.H.; Lee, A.P. Droplet microfluidics. Lab Chip. 2008, 8, 198–220.
71. Zhang, Y.; Ozdemir, P. Microfluidic DNA amplification- a review. Anal. Chem. Act. 2009, 638, 115–125.
72. Song, H.; Chen, D.L.; Ismagilov, R.F. Reactions in droplets in microfluidic channels. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 7336–7356.
73. Tawfik, D.S.; Griffiths, A.D. Man-made cell-like compartments for molecular evolution. Nat. Biotechnol. 1998, 16, 652–656.
74. Lee, Y.F.; Tawfik, D.S.; Griffiths, A.D. Investigating the target recognition of DNA cytosine-5 methyltransferase HhaI by library selection using in vitro compartmentalization. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002, 30, 4937–4944.
75. Agresti, J.J.; Kelly, B.T.; Jäschke, A.; Griffiths, A.D. Selection of ribozymes that catalyse multiple-turnover Diels–Alder cycloadditions by using in vitro compartmentalization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2005, 102, 16170–16175.
76. Ying, L.; Bruckbauer, A.; Zhou, D.; Gorelik, J.; Shevchuk, A.; Lab, M.; Korchev, Y.; Klenerman, D. The scanned nanopipette: a new tool for high resolution bioimaging and controlled deposition of biomolecules. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2005, 7, 2859–2866.
77. Ying, L.; Bruckbauer, A.; Rothery, A.M.; Korchev, Y.E.; Klenerman, D. Programmable delivery of DNA through a nanopipet. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 1380–1385.
78. Thorsen, T.; Roberts, R.W.; Arnold, F.H.; Quake, S.R. Dynamic Pattern Formation in a Vesicle-Generating Microfluidic Device. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2001, 86, 4163–4166.
79. Amici, E.; Tetradis-Meris, G.; Pulido de Torres, C.; Jousse, F. Alginate gelation in microfluidic channels. Food Hydrocoll. 2008, 22, 97–104.
80. Niu, X.Z.; Zhang, B.; Marszalek, R.T.; Ces, O.; Edel, J.B.; Klug, D.R.; deMello, A.J. Droplet-based compartmentalization of chemically separated components in two dimensional separations. Chem. Commun. 2009, 6159–6161, DOI: 10.1039/b918100h.
81. Mach, P.; Dolinski, M.; Baldwin, K.W.; Rogers, J.A.; Kerbage, C.; Windeler, R.S.; Eggleton, B.J. Tunable microfluidic optical fiber. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 80, 4294–4296.
82. Chin, L.K.; Liu, A.Q.; Zhang, J.B.; Lim, C.S.; Soh, Y.C. An on-chip liquid tunable grating using multiphase droplet microfluidics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93, 164107.
83. Liu, H.; Zhang, Y. Droplet formation in a T-shaped microfluidic junction. J. Appl. Phys. 2009, 106, 034906.
84. Anna, S.L.; Bontoux, N.; Stone, H.A. Formation of dispersions using “flow focusing” in microchannels. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 82, 364–366.
85. Huang, S.H.; Tan, W.H.; Tseng, F.G.; Takeuchi, S. A monolithically three-dimensional flow-focusing device for formation of single/double emulsions in closed/open microfluidic systems. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2006, 16, 2336–2344.
86. Zourob, M.; Mohr, S.; Mayes, A.G.; Macaskill, A.; Pérez-Moral, N.; Fielden, P.R.; Goddard, N.J. A micro-reactor for preparing uniform molecularly imprinted polymer beads. Lab Chip. 2006, 6, 296–301.
87. Hufnagel, H.; Huebner, A.; Gülch, C.; Güse, K.; Abell, C.; Hollfelder, F. An integrated cell culture lab on a chip: modular microdevices for cultivation of mammalian cells and delivery into microfluidic microdroplets. Lab Chip. 2009, 9, 1576–1582.
88. Courtois, F.; Olguin, L.F.; Whyte, G.; Bratton, D.; Huck, W.T.S.; Abell, C.; Hollfelder, F. An integrated device for monitoring time-dependent in vitro expression from single gene in picolitre droplets. Chem. BioChem. 2008, 9, 439–446.
89. Wang, K.L.; Jones, T.B.; Raisanen, A. Dynamic control of DEP actuation and droplet dispensing. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2007, 17, 76–80.
90. Pollack, M.G.; Fair, R.B.; Shenderov, A.D. Electrowetting-based actuation of liquid droplets for microfluidic applications. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2000, 77, 1725–1726.
91. Zeng, J.; Korsmeyer, T. Principles of droplet electrohydrodynamics for lab-on-a-chip. Lab Chip. 2004, 4, 265–277.
92. Ho, C.E.; Chieng, C.C.; Chen, M.H.; Tseng, F.G. Rapid microarray system for passive batch-filling and in-parallel-printing protein solution. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2008, 17, 309–317.
93. Ho, C.E.; Chieng, C.C.; Chen, M.H.; Tseng, F.G. Micro-stamp systems for batch-filling, parallel-spotting, and continuously printing of multiple biosample fluids. J. Assoc. Lab. Autom. 2008, 13, 187–197.
94. Cordero, M.L.; Burnham, D.R.; Baroud, C.N.; McGloin, D. Thermocapillary manipulation of droplets using holographic beam shaping: microfluidic pin ball. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93, 034107.
95. Tseng, Y.T.; Tseng, F.G.; Chen, Y.F.; Chieng, C.C. Fundamental studies on micro-droplet movement by Marangoni and capillary effects. Sens. Act. A. 2004, 114, 292–301.