Moodley, Yoshan, Linz, Bodo, Bond, Robert P., Nieuwoudt, Martin, Soodyall, Himla, Schlebusch, Carina M., Bernhöft, Steffi, Hale, J. (James), Suerbaum, Sebastian, Mugisha, Lawrence, Van der Merwe, Schalk W. and Achtman, Mark (2012) Age of the association between Helicobacter pylori and man. PLoS Pathogens, Volume 8 (Number 5). Article number e1002693. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002693 ISSN 1553-7374.

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Abstract

When modern humans left Africa ca. 60,000 years ago (60 kya), they were already infected with Helicobacter pylori, and these bacteria have subsequently diversified in parallel with their human hosts. But how long were humans infected by H. pylori prior to the out-of-Africa event? Did this co-evolution predate the emergence of modern humans, spanning the species divide? To answer these questions, we investigated the diversity of H. pylori in Africa, where both humans and H. pylori originated. Three distinct H. pylori populations are native to Africa: hpNEAfrica in Afro-Asiatic and Nilo-Saharan speakers, hpAfrica1 in Niger-Congo speakers and hpAfrica2 in South Africa. Rather than representing a sustained co-evolution over millions of years, we find that the coalescent for all H. pylori plus its closest relative H. acinonychis dates to 88–116 kya. At that time the phylogeny split into two primary super-lineages, one of which is associated with the former hunter-gatherers in southern Africa known as the San. H. acinonychis, which infects large felines, resulted from a later host jump from the San, 43–56 kya. These dating estimates, together with striking phylogenetic and quantitative human-bacterial similarities show that H. pylori is approximately as old as are anatomically modern humans. They also suggest that H. pylori may have been acquired via a single host jump from an unknown, non-human host. We also find evidence for a second Out of Africa migration in the last 52,000 years, because hpEurope is a hybrid population between hpAsia2 and hpNEAfrica, the latter of which arose in northeast Africa 36–52 kya, after the Out of Africa migrations around 60 kya.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Subjects:	Q Science > QH Natural history > QH301 Biology Q Science > QR Microbiology R Medicine > RB Pathology
Divisions:	Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Medicine > Warwick Medical School > Biomedical Sciences > Microbiology & Infection Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Medicine > Warwick Medical School Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Medicine > Warwick Medical School > Biomedical Sciences > Translational & Experimental Medicine
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):	Helicobacter pylori , Helicobacter pylori infections -- Africa, Phylogeny -- Molecular aspects
Journal or Publication Title:	PLoS Pathogens
Publisher:	Public Library of Science
ISSN:	1553-7374
Official Date:	10 May 2012
Dates:	Date Event 10 May 2012 Published 27 March 2012 Accepted
Volume:	Volume 8
Number:	Number 5
Page Range:	Article number e1002693
DOI:	10.1371/journal.ppat.1002693
Status:	Peer Reviewed
Publication Status:	Published
Access rights to Published version:	Open Access (Creative Commons)
Date of first compliant deposit:	26 December 2015
Date of first compliant Open Access:	26 December 2015
Funder:	Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften [Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science], ERA-NET PathoGenoMics (ENP), Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), South African Gastroenterology Society (SAGES), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)
Grant number:	0313930B (ENP) ; 05/FE1/B882 (SFI) ; SFB 900/A1 (DFG)

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