Eryigit-Madzwamuse, Suna and Wolke, Dieter (2015) Attention problems in relation to gestational age at birth and smallness for gestational age. Early Human Development, Volume 91 (Number 2). pp. 131-138. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.01.004 ISSN 0378-3782 .

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Abstract

Background
While it is well established that very preterm birth (gestational age at birth < 32 weeks) is related to increased attention problems, there is still considerable uncertainty of the effects of moderate or late preterm birth or smallness for gestational age (SGA) on attention regulation.

Aims
To investigate the impact of gestational age at birth and SGA, birth on child attention problems.

Study design
Prospective longitudinal cohort study.

Subjects
A total of 1435 children sampled from the Bavarian Longitudinal Study (BLS).

Outcome measures
Main outcome variables were parent-reported attention problems and examiner-reported attention skills at 6 and 8 years. Predictors were linked to attention outcomes using hierarchical regression analyses.

Results
Gestational age at birth ranged from 25 weeks to 41 weeks. We found a quadratic effect of gestational age on attention problems (β6 years = 0.161, 95% CI = 0.085; 0.236; β8 years = 0.211, 95% CI = 0.135; 0.287), and attention skills at 6 and 8 years (β6 years = − 0.178, 95% CI = − 0.252; − 0.104; β8 years = − 0.169, 95% CI = − 0.243; − 0.094). Elective caesarean birth did not predict child attention. In adjusted models, SGA was an additional risk factor for attention problems (β = 0.080, 95% CI = 0.026; 0.134), and attention skills (β = − 0.091, 95% CI = − 0.143; − 0.039) at 6 years but not at 8 years after adjusting for child sex and family SES.

Conclusion
Adverse effects on attention are disproportionately higher at early gestations. In contrast, the impact of SGA status was found to be similar at all gestational ages but disappeared by 8 years.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Subjects:	B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BF Psychology R Medicine > RG Gynecology and obstetrics
Divisions:	Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Science > Psychology
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):	Birth weight, Low, Premature infants, Attention in children
Journal or Publication Title:	Early Human Development
Publisher:	Elsevier Ireland Ltd
ISSN:	0378-3782
Official Date:	February 2015
Dates:	Date Event February 2015 Published 22 January 2015 Available 4 January 2015 Accepted 13 March 2014 Submitted
Volume:	Volume 91
Number:	Number 2
Page Range:	pp. 131-138
DOI:	10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.01.004
Status:	Peer Reviewed
Publication Status:	Published
Access rights to Published version:	Restricted or Subscription Access
Description:	An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 54th annual meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Research, Porto, Portugal, October 10-13, 2013
Date of first compliant deposit:	28 December 2015
Date of first compliant Open Access:	28 December 2015
Funder:	Germany. Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)
Grant number:	PKE24 (BMBF), JUG14 (BMBF), 01EP9504 (BMBF), 01ER0801 (BMBF)

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